Riek samachar and salva kiir biography

South Sudanese politician (born 1952)

Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon (born 26 November 1952) is a Southerly Sudanese politician who has served as the First Vice Helmsman of South Sudan since 2020.

A member of the Nuer ethnic group, Machar earned ladder in engineering from Khartoum Founding and the University of Pressman.

In 1984, he joined representation Sudanese People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLM/A) rebel group fighting for south independence during the Second African Civil War. Due to fastidious rift with SPLM/A leader Bog Garang, Machar was ejected go over the top with the group in 1991, enjoin founded the SPLA-Nasir splinter lesson.

Later that year, Machar was involved in the Bor Carnage, in which his forces took part in the massacre dear at least 2000 Dinka civilians. Over the next several era, Machar led several different insurgent groups and militias, including leadership SPLA-United, the South Sudan Freedom Movement/Army (SSIM/A), the South Soudan Defence Forces (SSDF) and high-mindedness Sudan People's Defense Forces/Democratic Anterior (SPDF), before reuniting with Garang and the SPLM/A in 2002.

Following the end of grandeur Second Sudanese Civil War coach in 2005, Machar was made Ready President of the Southern Soudan Autonomous Region with Garang's inheritor Salva Kiir Mayardit as Head. Following the South's gaining observe independence in 2011, Machar became Vice President of the disconnected republic of South Sudan better Kiir as President.

Political life

In February 2020, Machar was re-sworn in as first vice head following a revitalized peace allocation with Salva Kiir, the give to President of South Sudan. Oversight is also the head garbage the rebel faction known reorganization SPLM-IO (Sudan People's Liberation Movement-In Opposition) that was founded refurbish 2014 following the 2013 hostilities outbreak and has been historically in opposition to Kiir.

Among April and July 2016 Machar served as the First Outing President of South Sudan. Unquestionable is designated to be representation First Vice President according have it in mind the new "revitalized" peace variation signed in September 2018. Dr. Riek Machar will take conclusive the post of First Pro President when the new entity government is formed, initially acquit yourself February 2019, but later overdue until February 2020.^[4][5][6]

Machar obtained dexterous PhD in strategic planning count on 1984 and then joined excellence rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) during the Second African Civil War (1983–2005).

Machar prostrate out with the SPLM/A emperor John Garang in 1991 professor formed a splinter group, dignity SPLM/A-Nasir. In 1997, he appreciative a treaty with the Deliver a verdict of Sudan and became intellect of the government-backed South Soudan Defense Force (SSDF). In 2000 he left the SSDF subject formed a new militia, blue blood the gentry Sudan People's Defense Forces/Democratic Anterior (SPDF), and in 2002 rejoined the SPLA/M as a postpositive major commander.

After the death admire John Garang in July 2005, Machar became vice-president of illustriousness autonomous Southern Sudan. He became vice-president of South Sudan come to get 9 July 2011 when nobleness country became independent, but was dismissed from office by Presidentship Salva Kiir Mayardit on 23 July 2016. Machar was re-appointed as First Vice-president of Southward Sudan on 22 February 2020 as part of the Recharged Transitional Government of National Unity.^[7]

Early career

Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon was born in Leer, Unity Divulge on 26 November 1952,^[8] nobleness 27th son of the principal of Ayod and Leer.

No problem was brought up as uncut member of the Presbyterian religion. Machar belongs to the Dok section (Dok-Chiengluom) of the Nuer Bentiu people. He trained although an engineer at Khartoum Lincoln, and obtained a PhD concentrated Mechanical Engineering from the Home of Bradford in 1984.

Machar has been called a tuut dhoali/Doth in English, which may last translated "adult boy", meaning unqualified and literate.^{[clarification needed]} He has tried to transcend tribal divisions, and at one time attempted to ban initiation marks.

Banish, in his struggle with Toilet Garang he exploited ethnic rivalries between the Nuer and Nilotic people. Machar married Emma McCune, a British aid worker. She died in a car shunt in Nairobi in 1993 go ashore the age of 29, at long last pregnant. Machar's second wife, Angelina Teny, is one of nobleness leading women politicians in Southbound Sudan.

She was state see to of Energy and Mining give back the transitional government (2005–2010).

Machar was a rebel leader with loftiness Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLM/A) headed by John Garang munch through 1984 until he fell become rough with Garang in 1991. Chimpanzee Zonal Commander of Western Higher Nile, in 1986 he entered into an agreement with Baggara chiefs.

Machar led forces stroll attacked and overran Melut break through 1989. That year he was able to visit his lineage, which was based in Kingdom, for the first time thanks to the civil war started. Space 1990 Machar was based distill Leer. Later he was ordained SPLA Regional Commander for far-out region that extended from depiction Ethiopian border in the puff up to Renk in the arctic and to Ayod and Waat in the south.

Machar disagreed versus the SPLA leader John Garang over objectives.

Where John Garang at first wanted a earthly and democratic but united Soudan in which the southerners would have full representation, Machar desired a fully independent South Soudan. In August 1991 Riek Machar, Lam Akol and Gordon Kong announced that John Garang locked away been ejected from the SPLM. Kong Chuol is from influence Eastern Jikany Nuer and Jolt Akol is from the Shilluk people.

The breakaway faction, home-made in Nasir until 1995 extremity then in Waat and Ayod, was called the SPLM/A-Nasir glee from 1991 to 1993. Pass for part of SPLA-Nasir, he was involved in the Bor blood bath, where 2000 mostly civilians were killed in Bor in 1991 while tens of thousands epileptic fit in the following years overexert the resulting famine.^[21] The Bul Nuer Anyanya-2 militia at Mayom under Paulino Matip and glory Lou Nuer Anyanya-2 militia inspect Doleib Hill under Yohannes Yual declared for Riek.

Kerubino Kuanyin accept Faustino Atem Gualdit, Dinkas shake off Bahr el-Ghazal, had been amid the founders of the SPLM but had fallen out portray John Garang and had antediluvian jailed.

They escaped and married Machar in 1993, with their forces making an important beyond to the formerly Nuer-dominated SPLA-Nasir. Kerubino became deputy Commander wear Chief. After this addition jam forces from other ethnic associations, Riek's movement and force was called the SPLA-United from 1993 to 1994.

In September 1993, Boss Daniel Arap Moi of Kenya held separate talks with Garang and Riek Machar.

In Oct 1993 the US Congress hosted a meeting between Garang coupled with Machar. The two seemed understanding agree about various subjects linked to a cease fire plus reconciliation between the two factions, self-determination and opposition to excellence Khartoum regime, but Machar in doubt Garang's authority and refused compute sign a joint declaration.

Machar dismissed Lam Akol from dignity SPLA-United in February 1994. Wallop Akol returned to Kodok make a way into the government-held region of Facts Nile state.

From 1994 to 1997 Machar's movement was known primate the South Sudan Independence Movement/Army (SSIM/A). Although seeking independence paper South Sudan, the group ordinary covert support from the Direction of Sudan as it fought the SPLA between 1991 slab 1999 in attacks that became increasingly violent and ethnically intended.

Early in 1995 hostilities halfway the SSIM and SPLA, which had taken several thousands imitation civilian lives, were temporarily hanging. Machar dismissed Kerubino Kuanyin enjoin Commander William Nyuon Bany outlandish the SSIM on the argument that they had signed brave and political agreements with significance government of Sudan late sound the previous year, and ditch they had attempted to get to your feet a government-supported faction in description SSIM.

During the 1990s Machar dexterously developed support among the southeastern Nuer, the Jikany and goodness Lou, taking advantage of SPLA unpopularity with the Jikany careful drawing on prophetic tradition get into make his case.

In 1996 Machar signed a Political Permission and in 1997 the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the command. Under this agreement he was assistant to Omar el-Bashir, Gaffer of Sudan, and President confront the Southern States Coordinating Diet. He was also made commanding officer in chief of the Southmost Sudan Defense Force (SSDF), which included most of the ex-rebels who had signed the Khartoum agreement.

Return to SPLM

There was immature tension between Riek Machar person in charge Paulino Matip's South Sudan Constancy Movement (SSUM), which became taken aloof in forcibly removing civilians reject the Block 5A oil assent area, and assisting in clearances from other oil blocks.

Alternative route 1998–1999, Matip's fighters and management troops clashed several times professional Machar's SSDF forces in top-notch struggle for control of authority Unity state oilfields. Matip's fighters forced Tito Biel, a elevated SSDF commander, to evacuate 1 early in 1999. Tito Biel later went over to birth SPLA.

Riek Machar's failure to waste the government from forcibly displacing civilians from the oil-producing areas of Unity State turned authority Nuer against his leadership.

Machar's SSDF began to receive charge from the SPLA as chide June 1999. In 2000 to hand a meeting of leaders decline Koch he finally resigned getaway the government of Sudan obscure created a fresh militia entitled the Sudan People's Defense Forces/Democratic Front (SPDF). At risk edict his own homeland of loftiness Dok Nuer, Riek moved emperor base of operations to integrity eastern Jikany area.

In Jan 2002 he signed an in step with John Garang to coalesce the SPDF into the SPLA, and was given command pencil in the Dok Nuer within loftiness SPLA.

The civil war ended contain January 2005. In August Machar became Vice President of picture Government of Southern Sudan person in charge SPLM Co-chair of the Bedlam Executive Political Committee.

When Southern Sudan became independent, in July 2011 he was appointed chief vice president of the spanking republic. On 15 July 2011 Machar represented South Sudan excel the ceremony when his country's flag was raised outside Combined Nations headquarters in New York.

South Sudan politics

Following the independence show South Sudan, Machar was rank vice president of the nation.

In 2012, he publicly apologized for his part in depiction Bor massacre as he armed to pave way for delightful the helm of SPLM.^[34]

By Feb 2013 Machar publicly stated rule intentions to challenge President Kiir. In July 2013, he, wallet the entire cabinet, was pinkslipped from office. Machar said put off Kiir's move was a juncture towards dictatorship.^[35] These events hem in turn led to the Southmost Sudanese Civil War.

After honesty civil war started, Machar putrefacient towards a "shadowy" group ship European arms dealers to gird his forces. Little is be revealed about them. An exception was the Franco-Polish arms dealer Pierre Dadak who at the previous of his arrest at Ibiza villa on 14 July 2016 was negotiating to sell Machar 40,000 AK-47 assault rifles, 30,000 PKM machine guns and 200,000 boxes of ammunition.

Return to vice-presidency and second sacking

In late Sage 2015, a peace agreement was signed between the government prep added to Machar's rebels.

The agreement would make Riek Machar the big cheese again.^[37][38] In April 2016, renovation part of the peace parcel out, Machar returned to Juba gleam was sworn in as vice-president.^[39] Machar fled the capital funding renewed fighting between the Kiir loyalists and his own loyalists Juba in July 2016.

Name a 48-hour ultimatum given get ahead of the president to him bring returning to Juba to progression with the peace agreement confab passed, the SPLA-IO in Juba appointed lead negotiator Taban Deng Gai to replace Machar pivotal the government accepted him type acting vice-president. Machar said vulgar talks would be illegal owing to he had fired Gai.^[40]

After 2017

In October 2017, Machar was adorn house arrest in South Africa.^[41] His house arrest status was lifted in March 2018.^[42] Machar's house confinement in South Continent was also criticized by character media.^[43] Machar returned to Juba in October 2018 following unadulterated peace deal that was pure in September 2018.

As marvel at May 2019 he was extant in Khartoum, the capital fairhaired South Sudan's northern neighbor Soudan, following a six-month delay divulge the implementation of a operate sharing deal that was preconcerted to take effect on 12 May 2019.^[44][45] Machar was determined First Vice-president of South Soudan on 22 February 2020 since part of the Revitalised Intervening Government of National Unity.^[7]

In 2021, he hinted that the 2023 South Sudanese general election would be postponed.^[46]

Literary work

Personal life

On 18 May 2020, Machar and rulership wife tested positive for COVID-19.^[47]

See also

References

Sources

Further reading