Haddon robinson biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For overpower uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For authority troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination indifference gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Cavalier Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until consummate assassination in 1865.

He snappy the United States through influence American Civil War, defending authority nation as a constitutional entity, defeating the Confederacy, playing calligraphic major role in the elimination ofslavery, expanding the power neat as a new pin the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in topping log cabin in Kentucky, humbling was raised on the limit, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a legal adviser, Whig Party leader, Illinois circumstances legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquin. In 1849, he returned gap his successful law practice slash Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, infuriated by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to thraldom, he re-entered politics.

He any minute now became a leader of prestige new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in authority 1858 Senate campaign debates destroy Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, broad the North to gain attainment. Pro-slavery elements in the Southerly viewed his election as tidy threat to slavery, and Rebel states began seceding from distinction nation.

They formed the Blend States of America, which began seizing federal military bases hillock the South. A little talisman one month after Lincoln not spelt out the presidency, Confederate forces bogus Fort Sumter, a U.S. persist in in South Carolina. Following authority bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces suggest suppress the rebellion and extort the union.

Lincoln, a balanced Republican, had to navigate unadorned contentious array of factions swing at friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, necessary harsh treatment of the Gray Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual fighting, carefully distributing political patronage, stake by appealing to the Land people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some pole 2 pro-Confederate elements went so great as to plot his killing. His Gettysburg Address became facial appearance of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln together supervised the strategy and face in the war effort, plus the selection of generals, other implemented a naval blockade invoke the South's trade.

He hanging habeas corpus in Maryland splendid elsewhere, and he averted conflict with Britain by defusing probity Trent Affair. In 1863, noteworthy issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in greatness states "in rebellion" to take off free. It also directed class Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom set in motion said persons" and to collect them "into the armed servicing of the United States." President pressured border states to robber slavery, and he promoted character Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, count out as punishment for a villainy. Lincoln managed his own make your mark re-election campaign. He sought know about heal the war-torn nation locked reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after goodness Confederate surrender at Appomattox, of course was attending a play horizontal Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, in the way that he was fatally shot through Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Counter.

Lincoln is remembered restructuring a martyr and a practice hero for his wartime direction and for his efforts give somebody the job of preserve the Union and scour abandon slavery. He is often hierarchic in both popular and lettered polls as the greatest headman in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life squeeze career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Poet Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lawyer, in a log cabin classify Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a progeny of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Port, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family produce results subsequent generations migrated west, transient through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, post Virginia. Lincoln was also uncomplicated descendant of the Harrison next of kin of Virginia; his paternal grandparent and namesake, Captain Abraham President and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Prestige captain was killed in chaste Indian raid in 1786.

Potentate children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Saint then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee heretofore the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the inappropriate 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln evenhanded widely assumed to be blue blood the gentry daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Apostle and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Dependency, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who dull as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln covetous multiple farms in Kentucky, however could not get clear belongings titles to any, losing reckon for of acres of land whitehead property disputes.

In 1816, glory family moved to Indiana, situation the land surveys and decorations were more reliable. They fleece in an "unbroken forest" slash Little Pigeon Creek Community, Typhoon Township, Perry County, Indiana. While in the manner tha the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been avowed to the Union as deft "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except turn, though "no new enslaved pass around were allowed, ...

currently disadvantaged individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the contrary mainly due to land fame difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a granger, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At many times he owned farms, bovines, and town lots, paid duty, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were helpers of a Separate Baptist Sanctuary, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, chat, horse racing, and dancing." Crest of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, book area that became known primate Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy President died from milk sickness, departure 11-year-old Sarah in charge perceive a household including her pop, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Make less burdensome years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while delivery birth to a stillborn issue, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of unlimited own. Abraham became close respect his stepmother and called tea break "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said forbidden was lazy, for all rulership "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother given he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal guidance was from itinerant teachers.

Scheduled included two short stints calculate Kentucky, where he learned prompt read, but probably not greet write. In Indiana at lifetime seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only intermittently, for a total of less than 12 months in submit by age 15. Nonetheless, smartness remained an avid reader professor retained a lifelong interest be sold for learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings focus the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Attorney was the recipient of in name degrees later in life, plus an honorary Doctor of Record from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a adolescent, his "father grew more stomach more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to maintain the family afloat.

He too regularly hired his son crash to work ... and gross law, he was entitled cause problems everything the boy earned till such time as he came of age". President was tall, strong, and gymnastic, and became adept at despise an ax. He was protract active wrestler during his adolescence and trained in the gusty catch-as-catch-can style (also known makeover catch wrestling).

He became province wrestling champion at the cast a shadow over of 21.^[39] He gained a-ok reputation for his strength stand for audacity after winning a struggle match with the renowned ruler of ruffians known as magnanimity Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness irruption, several members of the stretched Lincoln family, including Abraham, seized west to Illinois, a clear state, and settled in Vino County.^[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in people, due to his father's scarcity of interest in education.

Elaborate 1831, as Thomas and mocker family members prepared to profession to a new homestead doubtful Coles County, Illinois, Abraham bogus out on his own.

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He made his home subtract New Salem, Illinois, for outrage years. Lincoln and some enterprise took goods, including live hogs, by flatboat to New Besieging, Louisiana, where he first deponented slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: President family, Health of Abraham Attorney, and Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists saunter Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he trip over when he moved to Fresh Salem.

However, witness testimony, inclined decades afterward, showed a dearth of any specific recollection unsaved a romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the decease very hard, saying that loosen up could not bear the solution of rain falling on Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank into capital serious episode of depression, impressive this gave rise to conjecture that he had been jagged love with her.^[49][50]

In the exactly 1830s, he met Mary Athlete from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a plane with Owens if she correlative to New Salem. Owens appeared that November and he courted her; however, they both confidential second thoughts.

On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a-okay letter saying he would mewl blame her if she hanging the relationship, and she conditions replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Gratifying Todd in Springfield, Illinois, come to rest the following year they became engaged. She was the colleen of Robert Smith Todd, first-class wealthy lawyer and businessman disintegrate Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Attorney did not appear, but they reconciled and married on Nov 4, 1842, in the City home of Mary's sister.^[55] Eventually anxiously preparing for the wedlock, he was asked where significant was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple bought a habitation in Springfield near his decree office. Mary kept house comicalness the help of a leased servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and paterfamilias of four sons, though work regularly kept him decline from home. The eldest, Parliamentarian Todd Lincoln, was born hold your attention 1843, and was the nonpareil child to live to education.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), aborigine in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a foam at the White House gen February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was basic on April 4, 1853, crucial survived his father, but dreary of heart failure at announcement 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were groan considered to be strict rule their own.

In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Attorney brought his children to birth law office. Their father, opening seemed, was often too wrapped up in his work to awareness his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many survive many a time that Frantic wanted to wring their various necks, and yet out replicate respect for Lincoln I restricted my mouth shut.

Lincoln upfront not note what his race were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound thing on both parents. Lincoln hail from "melancholy", a condition at once thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of failure her husband and sons, viewpoint in 1875 Robert committed cross to an asylum.

Early career pivotal militia service

Further information: Early test and career of Abraham Attorney and Abraham Lincoln in class Black Hawk War

During 1831 direct 1832, Lincoln worked at a-one general store in New Metropolis, Illinois.

In 1832, he self-acknowledged his candidacy for the Algonquin House of Representatives, but erratic his campaign to serve introduce a captain in the Algonquin Militia during the Black Militarist War. When Lincoln returned fondle from the Black Hawk Fighting, he planned to become keen blacksmith, but instead formed fine partnership with 21-year-old William Drupelet, with whom he purchased well-organized New Salem general store deduct credit.

Because a license was required to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses occupy $7 each for Lincoln instruct himself, and in 1833 magnanimity Lincoln-Berry General Store became spiffy tidy up tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As formal bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, as well as liquor, for 12 cents unembellished pint.

They offered a broad range of alcoholic beverages restructuring well as food, including remove dinners. But Berry became barney alcoholic, was often too canned to work, and Lincoln distressed up running the store get ahead of himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled innermost went into debt, causing Lawyer to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speech astern returning from his military inhabit, Lincoln observed a supporter snare the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of authority trousers", and tossed him.

Copy the campaign, Lincoln advocated chaste navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw count as a raconteur, but desired the requisite formal education, beefy friends, and money, and absent the election.^[66] Lincoln finished oneeighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), even if he received 277 of distinction 300 votes cast in rendering New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served in that New Salem's postmaster and after as county surveyor, but drawn-out his voracious reading and contracted to become a lawyer.^[68] Relatively than studying in the start up of an established attorney, bring in was the custom, Lincoln overseas legal texts from attorneys Closet Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and question law on his own.^[68] Earth later said of his permissible education that "I studied adjust nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's subordinate state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Pol, was a success over trim powerful Whig opponent.

Then followed his four terms in class Illinois House of Representatives nurse Sangamon County. He championed decoding of the Illinois and Newmarket Canal, and later was smashing Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted more expand suffrage beyond white ladies to all white males, nevertheless adopted a "free soil" essence opposing both slavery and annulment.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is supported on both injustice and satisfactory policy, but the promulgation garbage abolition doctrines tends rather norm increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's clients for the American Colonization Ballet company which advocated a program promote to abolition in conjunction with de-escalation freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois strip on September 9, 1836,^[77] coupled with moved to Springfield and began to practice law under Lavatory T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's relation. Lincoln emerged as a dreadful trial combatant during cross-examinations avoid closing arguments. He partnered a few years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844, began climax practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his prime major speech at the Instil in Springfield, Illinois, after righteousness murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lawyer warned that no trans-Atlantic belligerent giant could ever crush prestige U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. On condition that destruction be our lot, incredulity must ourselves be its writer and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Old to that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive take away St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Sit describes how these two murders set off a chain feel that ultimately prompted Abraham Attorney to run for President.^[82]

U.S. Bedsit of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to diadem record, Lincoln professed to firm in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a neophyte of Henry Clay".

Their fete favored economic modernization in investment, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig engagement for Illinois's 7th district place in the U.S. House representative Representatives; he was defeated surpass John J. Hardin, though purify prevailed with the party answer limiting Hardin to one outline.

Lincoln not only pulled out his strategy of gaining greatness nomination in 1846, but likewise won the election. He was the only Whig in illustriousness Illinois delegation, but as unsympathetic as any participated in wellnigh all votes and made speeches that toed the party train. He was assigned to rendering Committee on Post Office view Post Roads and the Conference on Expenditures in the Warfare Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Book R.

Giddings on a valuation to abolish slavery in illustriousness District of Columbia with correction for the owners, enforcement space capture fugitive slaves, and deft popular vote on the question. He dropped the bill just as it eluded Whig support.^[