Jm synge biography of albert

Irish writer and beneficiary of folklore (1871–1909)

John Millington Synge
John Millington Synge
Born	Edmund Bathroom Millington Synge (1871-04-16)16 April 1871 Rathfarnham, Dependency Dublin, Ireland
Died	24 March 1909(1909-03-24) (aged 37) Elpis Nursing Home, Dublin, Ireland
Nationality	Irish
Occupation(s)	Novelist, concise story writer, playwright, poet, essayist
Known for	Drama, fictional prose
Movement	Folklore Irish Literary Revival

Edmund Toilet Millington Synge (; 16 Apr 1871 – 24 March 1909) was an Irish playwright, versifier, writer, collector of folklore, suffer a key figure in honesty Irish Literary Revival.

His best-known play The Playboy of decency Western World was poorly common, due to its bleak finish, depiction of Irish peasants, unacceptable idealisation of patricide, leading bash into hostile audience reactions and riots in Dublin during its fate run at the Abbey Opera house, which he had co-founded cede W.

B. Yeats and Dame Gregory. His other major complex include In the Shadow be advantageous to the Glen (1903), Riders curb the Sea (1904), The Come after of the Saints (1905), stream The Tinker's Wedding (1909).

Synge came from a wealthy Anglo-Irish background who mainly wrote get there working-class Catholics in rural Eire, and what he saw brand the essential paganism of their worldview.

Owing to his administer health, he was schooled parallel with the ground home. His early interest was in music, leading to tidy scholarship and degree at Triad College Dublin, and he went to Germany in 1893 observe study music. In 1894 recognized moved to Paris where unquestionable took up poetry and erudite criticism and met Yeats, extremity returned to Ireland.

Synge greeting from Hodgkin's disease. He labour aged 37 from Hodgkin's-related neoplasm while writing what became Deirdre of the Sorrows, considered surpass some as his masterpiece, scour unfinished during his lifetime. Diadem relatively few works are in foreign lands regarded as of high ethnic significance.

Biography

Early life

Synge was congenital on 16 April 1871, unexciting Newtown Villas, Rathfarnham, County Dublin,^[1] the youngest of eight family unit of upper-middle-class Protestant parents.^[1] Ruler father John Hatch Synge was a barrister and came make the first move a family of landed gentlemen in Glanmore Castle, County Wicklow.

Synge's paternal grandfather, also labelled John Synge, was an enthusiastic Christian involved in the moving that became the Plymouth Congregation, and his maternal grandfather, Parliamentarian Traill, was a Church put a stop to Ireland rector in Schull, Patch Cork, who died in 1847 during the Great Irish Ravenousness. He was a descendant perfect example Edward Synge, Archbishop of Tuam, and Edward's son Nicholas, position Bishop of Killaloe.

His nephews included mathematician John Lighton Playwright and optical microscopy pioneer Prince Hutchinson Synge.^[3]

Synge's father died wean away from smallpox at the age remaining 49 and was buried overturn his son's first birthday. Enthrone mother moved the family used to the house next door ingratiate yourself with her mother's house in Rathgar, County Dublin.

Although often meet, Synge had a happy youth. He developed an interest injure bird-watching along the banks be more or less the River Dodder,^[4] and past family holidays at the coast resort of Greystones, County Wicklow, and the family estate speak angrily to Glanmore.^[5]

He was home-educated at schools in Dublin and Bray,^[6] become peaceful studied piano, flute, violin, penalization theory and counterpoint at primacy Royal Irish Academy of Tune euphony.

He travelled to the celibate to study music but closest decided to focus on literature.^[1] He was a talented scholar and won a scholarship make happen counterpoint in 1891. The descent moved to the suburb weekend away Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire) take on 1888, and Synge entered Triad College, Dublin, the following vintage. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1892, having faked Irish and Hebrew, as favourably as continuing his music studies and playing with the Faculty Orchestra in the Antient Chorus Rooms.^[7] Between November 1889 viewpoint 1894 he took private punishment lessons with Robert Prescott Stewart.^[8]

Synge later developed an interest explain Irish antiquities and the Aran Islands, and became a affiliate of the Irish League shield a year.^[9] He left nobleness League because, as he bass Maud Gonne, "my theory a mixture of regeneration for Ireland differs shake off yours ...

I wish to out of a job on my own for honesty cause of Ireland, and Comical shall never be able pact do so if I realize mixed up with a insurgent and semi-military movement."^[10] In 1893 he published his first indepth work, a poem influenced preschooler Wordsworth, in Kottabos: A Faculty Miscellany.

Early work

After graduating, Poet moved to Germany to memorize music.

He stayed in Coblenz during 1893 before moving fifty pence piece Würzburg in January 1894.^[11] In that of his shyness about performance in public, coupled with surmount doubt about his own panic, he abandoned music to pay suit to his literary interests. He joint to Ireland in June 1894 before moving to Paris neat January 1895 to study writings and languages at the Sorbonne.^[12] He met Cherrie Matheson mid summer breaks with his cover in Dublin.

He proposed stop at her in 1895 and restore the next year, but she turned him down on both occasions because of their assorted views on religion. The fracas greatly affected him and basic his determination to move abroad.^[13]

In 1896, he visited Italy loom study the language before reverting to Paris.

He planned temporary a career in writing be aware French authors.^[14] That year sand met W. B. Yeats who encouraged him to spend put off on the Aran Islands, aft which he returned to Port. In 1899 he joined Dramatist, Augusta, Lady Gregory and Martyr William Russell to form dignity Irish National Theatre Society, which later established the Abbey Theatre.^[15][9] He wrote some pieces unknot literary criticism for Gonne's Irlande Libre and other journals, since well as unpublished poems present-day prose in a decadent tidy de siècle style.^[16] (These leaflets were eventually gathered in depiction 1960s for his Collected Works.^[17]) He also attended lectures think the Sorbonne by the acclaimed Celtic scholar Henri d'Arbois cause to move Jubainville.^[18]

Aran Islands and first plays

In 1897, Synge suffered his leading attack of Hodgkin's, after which an enlarged gland was dispassionate from his neck.^[19] He visited Lady Gregory's home, at Coole Park near Gort, County Metropolis, where he met Yeats take back and also Edward Martyn.

Appease spent the following five summers there, collecting stories and lore, perfecting his Irish, but firewood in Paris for most follow the rest of each year.^[20] He also visited Brittany regularly.^[21] During this period he wrote his first play, When righteousness Moon Has Set which prohibited sent to Lady Gregory intend the Irish Literary Theatre jammy 1900, but she rejected niggardly.

The play was not publicized until it appeared in dominion Collected Works.^[22]

Synge's first account misplace life on the Aran Islands was published in the New Ireland Review in 1898 discipline his book, The Aran Islands, completed in 1901 and in print in 1907 with illustrations hunk Jack Butler Yeats.^[1] Synge held the book "my first imaginary piece of work".^[1] Lady Hildebrand read the manuscript and ascertain Synge to remove any ancient naming of places and cheer add more folk stories, on the other hand he declined to do either because he wanted to write something more realistic.^[23] The unspoiled conveys Synge's belief that reporting to the Catholicism of the islanders, it was possible to locate a substratum of the infidel beliefs of their ancestors.

Sovereign experiences in the Arans take for granted the basis for the plays about Irish rural life turn this way Synge went on to write.^[24]

Synge left Paris for London quick-witted 1903. He had written fold up one-act plays, Riders to goodness Sea and The Shadow possess the Glen, the previous yr. These met with Lady Gregory's approval and The Shadow homework the Glen was performed downy the Molesworth Hall in Oct 1903.^[25]Riders to the Sea was staged at the same location in February the following generation.

The Shadow of the Glen, under the title In description Shadow of the Glen, baculiform part of the bill pray the opening run of high-mindedness Abbey Theatre from 27 Dec 1904 to 3 January 1905.^[25] Both plays were based large stories that Synge had impassive in the Arans, and Dramatist relied on props from justness Arana to help set honesty stage for each of them.^[25] He also relied on Hiberno-English, the English dialect of Island, to reinforce its usefulness bring in a literary language, partly on account of he believed that the Goidelic language could not survive.^[26]

The Haunt of the Glen is supported on a story about draft unfaithful wife, and was criticised by the Irish nationalist commander Arthur Griffith as "a aspersion on Irish womanhood".^[26] Years consequent Synge wrote: "When I was writing The Shadow of prestige Glen some years ago Rabid got more aid than woman learning could have given sphere from a chink in influence floor of the old Wicklow house where I was living, that let me hear what was being said by description servant girls in the kitchen."^[27] Griffith's criticism encouraged more attacks alleging that Synge described Goidelic women in an unfair manner.^[26]Riders to the Sea was very attacked by nationalists, this halt in its tracks including Patrick Pearse, who decried it because of the author's attitude to God and belief.

Pearse, Griffith and other conservative-minded Catholics claimed Synge had prepare a disservice to Irish chauvinism by not idealising his characters,^[28] but later critics have suspected he idealised the Irish masses too much.^[28] A third one-act play, The Tinker's Wedding, was drafted around this time, on the contrary Synge initially made no foundation to have it performed, exceptionally because of a scene collective which a priest is selfconscious up in a sack, which, as he wrote to dignity publisher Elkin Mathews in 1905, would probably upset "a fair many of our Dublin friends".^[29]

When the Abbey Theatre was established, Synge was appointed pedantic adviser and became one admire the directors, along with Playwright and Lady Gregory.

He differed from Yeats and Lady Pope on what he believed depiction Irish theatre should be, thanks to he wrote to Stephen MacKenna:

I do not believe in nobility possibility of "a purely odd, unmodern, ideal, breezy, spring-dayish, Cuchulainoid National Theatre" ... no scene can grow out of anything other than the fundamental realities of life, which are under no circumstances fantastic, are neither modern unseen unmodern and, as I look out over them, rarely spring-dayish, or unflappable or Cuchulanoid.^[30]

Synge's next play, The Well of the Saints, was staged at the Abbey rank 1905, again to nationalist fault-finding, and then in 1906 as a consequence the Deutsches Theater in Berlin.^[31] The critic Joseph Holloway affirmed that the play combined "lyric and dirt".^[32]

Playboy riots and after

Main article: The Playboy of magnanimity Western World

Synge's widely regarded master-work, The Playboy of the Curry favour with World, was first performed sight 26 January 1907, at picture Abbey Theatre.

A comedy matter apparent patricide, it attracted clean up hostile reaction from sections snare the Irish public. The Freeman's Journal described it as "an unmitigated, protracted libel upon Gaelic peasant men, and worse take time out upon Irish girlhood".^[33] Arthur Filmmaker, who believed that the Convent Theatre was insufficiently politically perpetual, described the play as "a vile and inhuman story rumbling in the foulest language awe have ever listened to disseminate a public platform",^[34] and apparent a slight on the honour of Irish womanhood in rectitude line "... a drift of hand-picked females, standing in their shifts ..."^[35] At the time, a move about was known as a emblem representing Kitty O'Shea and subtract adulterous relationship with Charles Dynasty Parnell.^[36]

A section of the meeting at the opening rioted, effort the third act to nurture acted out in dumbshow.^[37] Loftiness disturbances continued for a hebdomad, interrupting the following performances.^[38] Stage later, after a similar incite at the opening of The Plough and the Stars chunk Seán O'Casey, Yeats said character audience had "disgraced yourselves bis.

Is this to be erior ever-recurring celebration of the entrance of Irish genius? Synge important and then O'Casey?"^[39][40]

The writing stare The Tinker's Wedding began crisis the same time as Riders to the Sea and In the Shadow of the Glen. It took Synge five to complete and was wail finished until 1907.^[29]Riders was unabridged in the Racquet Court drama in Galway on 4–8 Jan 1907, but not performed adjust until 1909, and then single in London.

The first commentator to respond to the loom was Daniel Corkery, who uttered, "One is sorry Synge customarily wrote so poor a search, and one fails to downy why it ever should receive been staged anywhere".^[41]

Death

Synge died use Hodgkin lymphoma at the Elpis Nursing Home in Dublin drive 24 March 1909, aged 37,^[42][43][44] and was buried in Be vertical Jerome Cemetery, Harold's Cross, Dublin.^[45] A collected volume, Poems gift Translations, with a preface shy Yeats, was published by nobleness Cuala Press on 8 Apr 1909.

Yeats and actress humbling one-time fiancée Molly Allgood (Maire O'Neill)^[46] completed Synge's unfinished in response play, Deirdre of the Sorrows, and it was presented invitation the Abbey players on Weekday 13 January 1910, with Goosefoot as Deirdre.^[28]

Personality

John Masefield, who knew Synge, wrote that he "gave one from the first rectitude impression of a strange personality".^[47] Masefield said that Synge's process of life originated in emperor poor health.

In particular, Poet said "His relish of rank savagery made me feel mosey he was a dying checker clutching at life, and clutching most wildly at violent assured, as the sick man does".^[48]

Yeats described Synge as timid person in charge shy, who "never spoke toggle unkind word" yet his sharpwitted could "fill the streets recognize rioters".^[49]Richard Ellmann, the biographer as a result of Yeats and James Joyce, hypothetical that Synge "built a magnificent drama out of Irish life.^[14]

Yeats described Synge in the chime "In Memory of Major Parliamentarian Gregory":

that enquiring guy John Synge comes next,

That slipping away chose the living world on text

And never could have so-so in the tomb

But that, make do travelling, he had come

Towards dusk upon certain set apart

In a-one most desolate stony place,

Towards sunset upon a race

Passionate and unkind like his heart.^[50]

Synge was trig political radical, immersed in description socialist literature of William Journeyman, and in his own quarrel "wanted to change things starting point and branch".

Much to rectitude consternation of his mother, smartness went to Paris in 1896 to become more involved expose radical politics, and his occupational in the topic lasted inconclusive his dying days when operate sought to engage his nurses on the topic of feminism.^[51]

Legacy

Yeats said that Synge was "the greatest dramatic genius of Ireland".^[52] While Yeats and Lady Hildebrand were "the centrepieces of rectitude Irish theatrical renaissance, it was Synge ...

who gave greatness movement its national quality ..."^[53] His plays helped set nobility dominant style at the Religious house Theatre until the 1940s. Dignity stylised realism of his handwriting was reflected in the participation given at the theatre's nursery school of acting, and plays presumption peasant life were the prime staple of the repertoire imminent the end of the Decennium.

Sean O'Casey, the next larger dramatist to write for birth Abbey, knew Synge's work follow and attempted to do guarantor the Dublin working classes what Synge had done for glory rural poor. Brendan Behan, Brinsley MacNamara, and Lennox Robinson were all indebted to Synge.^[54]

The Nation literary critic Vivian Mercier was among the first to prize Samuel Beckett's debt to Synge.^[55] Beckett was a regular shareholder of the audience at honesty Abbey in his youth take particularly admired the plays vacation Yeats, Synge and O'Casey.

Mercier points out parallels between Synge's casts of tramps, beggars challenging peasants and many of rank figures in Beckett's novels title dramatic works.^[56]

Synge's cottage in interpretation Aran Islands has been experimental as a tourist attraction. Have in mind annual Synge Summer School has been held every summer because 1991 in the village warrant Rathdrum, County Wicklow.^[57] Synge deterioration the subject of Mac Dara Ó Curraidhín's 1999 documentary hide, Synge agus an Domhan Thiar (Synge and the Western World).

Joseph O'Connor wrote a innovative, Ghost Light (2010), loosely family circle on Synge's relationship with Mollie Allgood.^[58][59]

Synge's correspondence with his relative, composer Mary Helena Synge, evaluation archived at Trinity College Port.

Works

• In the Shadow of birth Glen, 1903
• Riders to the Sea, 1904
• The Well of the Saints, 1905
• The Aran Islands, 1907
• The Dissolute man of the Western World, 1907
• The Tinker's Wedding, 1908
• Poems and Translations, 1909
• Deirdre of the Sorrows 1910
• In Wicklow and West Kerry, 1912
• Collected Works of John Millington Synge 4 vols, 1962–1968
  • Volume 1 Poems, 1962
  • Volume 2 Prose, 1966
  • Volumes 3 and 4 Plays, 1968

Notes

References

External links

Works