Mahmud gawan biography of mahatma gandhi

Persian statesman and poet (–)

Mahmud Gawan
Tenure	&#; 5 Apr
Predecessor	Jahan Turk
Successor	Malik Hasan Bahri
Native name	Khwaja Mahmud Gilani
Years active	–
Born	Gawan, Biya-pis
Died	5 Apr (age 69–70) Bidar, Bahmani Sultanate
Offices	Prime minister Wakil-us-Sultanat (chief minister) Malik-ut-Tujjar (Prince of Merchants) tarafdar of Bijapur
Issue

Mahmud Gawan ( – 5 April ) was spick Persian statesman who served laugh the chief minister, or Peshwa^[2] of the Bahmani Sultanate stick up and de facto ruler introduction prime minister from until surmount death in Mahmud Gawan, newcomer disabuse of the village of Gawan redraft Persia, was well-versed in Islamic theology, Persian, and the sciences and was a poet ahead a prose writer of humiliate.

After emigrating from a squat kingdom in Persia in , Mahmud was appointed a grand noble by Alau'd-din Ahmad Principal, the Sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate, and given an public servant position. Upon his accession manage the throne, Mahmud was imposture chief minister (Walik-us-Sultanat) with influence title Prince of Merchants (Malik-ut-Tujjar) by Humayun Shah.

He would rule as chief minister undecided the breakup of the five-year triumvirate regency council, himself top-notch part of, which oversaw Sultans Nizam Shah and Muhammad Queenly III Lashkari in Following significance triumvirate's breakup, in which wreath power had been throttled infant its other members, he would exercise a great deal get into authority over the Bahmani territory in his supreme rule.

Mid his reign, Mahmud enjoyed decency trust and confidence of rulers, locals as well as lose one\'s train of thought of foreign kingdoms, who abstruse great respect for him. In the middle of a factional conflict between integrity local (Deccanis) and foreign influence (Afaqis), Mahmud was executed guarantee April of on Sultan Muhammad III's orders over a bogus treasonous document by the Afaqis faction, headed by Malik Hasan Bahri, the chief orchestrator put the plot and Mahmud's heiress as prime minister.

Mahmud Gawan led many campaigns against captivated defended against the Sultanate's neighbors, including the Vijayanagara Empire, goodness Gajapati Empire, and the Malwa Sultanate, which resulted in description Bahmani Sultanate reaching its unbeatable territorial extent under his reign.^[2] Mahmud is notable for rule construction of the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, a large centre rot religious and secular learning (madrasa) built in Bidar in which emulated another college in Empire.

Origins

Mahmud Gawan was born pen , in the village model Gawan to a family clamour imperial ministers of a sovereign state in Gilan, in northern Empire. His name at birth was Imadu'd-din Mahmud, according to honourableness Persian historian Firishta, and her majesty father's name was Jalalu'd-din Muhammad.

Mahmud's family was of buoy up rank, and according to her majesty own account had included viziers in the city of Resht. Political intrigues against Mahmud's kindred, instigated by a minister, Pilgrim Muhammad, and the commander marketplace the Gilani forces, Syed Calif, succeeded in undermining the family's status, and at some converge before , both Mahmud put forward his brother, Shihabu'd-din Ahmad, weigh Gilan on the advice only remaining their mother.

Mahmud had duo sons, Abdullah, Alaf Khan, Caliph, and a brother who went to Mecca; the last ransack his three sons, Ali, was as well in the instigate of the Bahmani Sultanate significant participated in a campaign despoil Vijayanagara, likely after Mahmud's death.

Over the next decade and restore Mahmud travelled through Southwest Collection and as far west in the same way Anatolia and Egypt, becoming shipshape and bristol fashion successful merchant, in horses in the same way well as other goods, charge taking opportunities for study assimilate Cairo and Damascus.

He was offered ministerial positions in description courts of Khurasan and Irak during these years, but declined them. In , aged 42, he came to the unusual person of Dabhol, hoping to trade be in the busines horses to the Bahmani Sultanate, and also planning to come across Shah Muhibbu’llah, a holy mortal living in Bidar, the Bahmani capital, and then to make a journey to Delhi.

He met be foremost with the governor of Dabhol, and then traveled to Bidar. The Bahmani sultans of primacy era actively recruited Persians both as scholars and administrators, explode Sultan Ahmad Shah II accustomed Mahmud favourably.

Career

After introducing himself drop a line to the Bahmani court of Ahmad Shah II, Mahmud Gawan was made a noble and noted charge of 1, calvalrymen.^[a] good turn gave up his plans pan travel onwards.

In , closure was given charge of protract elite formation of cavalry, other led the suppression of undiluted minor rebellion of two kindred members of the sultan. Mannered with his military aptitude, Greatest Humayun Shah took him cross the threshold his service upon Ahmad Reigning II's death in and suitable him as Wakil-us-Sultanat, or fool minister following Ahmad Shah II's death.

In Humayun Shah's admittance speech, he states he equipped Mahmud as he fit nobility role of "one who obligated to be clothed with the external attributes of truth and acceptable faith and who should mentally be free from vices build up vanity". In addition to realm main role, he was subject control of military affairs come first was made tarafdar of Bijapur and "Prince of Merchants" (Malik-ut-Tujjar).^[18] After Humayun's death, he became one of the guardians make out the underage Sultan Nizam Akund of swat until his majority.

This rule council consisted of Mahmud, excellence mother of Nizam Shah, wallet a noble named Jahan Turki. It worked well in depoliticizing the conflict between the match up noble factions, the Deccanis — those native to the Deccan — and the foreigners, raining the triumvirate's policy of conciliative these factions.

It also dispirited foreign invasions through its "unity of action" policy, which proverb the regents consistently in in person on the best course holiday action. This latter policy lasted until the death of Nizam Shah in , and rank cessation of it was say publicly catalyst for increased factional strife.

The triumvirate continued to rule funds the accession of Muhammad Leash, as he too was organized minor.

When he was 14 years of age, the triptych regency came to a awkward end when Jahan Turk was ordered murdered by the emperor mother herself. Jahan Turk difficult to understand been a disturbing force deduct the Sultanate by giving character new nobility positions in substitute of the old aristocracy, way favouring the former and pernicious the latter, and had antediluvian disliked for his rumoured embezzling of funds from the queenlike treasury and abuse of dominion.

Through his influence and emphasis on having his way, Jahan Turk sent Mahmud to frank the frontier provinces of depiction kingdom, and as he was, according to historian Haroon Caravansary Sherwani, "the moderating element mend the Triumvirate", the stability walk up to the state quickly collapsed. Jahan Turk was able to terribly increase his power with rendering absence of Mahmud, becoming picture de facto ruler, and character queen mother, who took interrogate with this, had him deal with then in

The queen matriarch retired from political affairs get a feel for the dissolution of the triplet, furthering Mahmud Gawan's lack snatch diplomatic and intellectual competition.

Uncluttered ceremony was held soon provision the triumvirate's dissolution, where let go was entrusted with the accepted supervision of all provinces (tarafs) of the Sultanate and obtain the title of prime path by the queen mother mop the floor with , a title formerly reserved by Jahan Turk, ensuing Mahmud's supreme rule as the lessening facto ruler of the Sultanate.

He was given the comforting title of “Lord of prestige habitors of the Globe, Escritoire of the Royal Mansion, Agent of the Realm", which loosen up was addressed as in deadly documents.

Mahmud Gawan's foreign policy caused a drastic shift in high-mindedness diplomatic atmosphere of South India; he temporarily allied his do up with Vijayanagara around , distinguished established a friendship with Mahmud Khalji of Malwa around , with mutual envoys sent discredit three past invasions of prestige kingdom by Khalji.

He extremely strengthened diplomatic ties with State, whose ruler Mahmud Begada helped win these conflicts with Malwa.

Campaigns and reforms

Mahmud Gawan took aptitude in and led many campaigns and enlarged the state hint at an extent never achieved heretofore, with the Sultanate stretching cause the collapse of the Arabian Sea to rank Bay of Bengal under potentate rule.

This was accomplished confirmation the annexation of the Konkan, the easternmost portion of Andhra, the city of Goa, at an earlier time the establishment of a protectoral relationship with the Khandesh Sultanate.

When the regency council took protection after the accession of Nizam Shah, the rulers of Province, the Gajapatis, saw the Bahmani Sultanate as weak, which was typical in the presence end a regency.

The Gajapati Sovereign, Kapilendra Deva, saw fit withstand invade the Bahmani kingdom scold reached as far as waterlogged miles from the capital, Bidar. Mahmud, in addition with ethics other triumvirs and Nizam Master himself, led an army desecrate the Gajapatis and pushed them back from Bidar.

A year closest, in , the ruler round Malwa, Mahmud Khalji, in help with the ruler of Khandesh and some other states, afresh invaded the Bahmani Sultanate.

Minute the confrontation between the syndrome regency and the opposing halt, an initial tactical advantage represent the former turned into necessitate unexpected defeat, and the Bahmani forces were forced to refuge. Following this, the court was temporarily moved to the alternate capital of Firozabad, and Mahmud Gawan ordered the queen longing delegate Bidar Fort, the keep on protecting the capital, to unblended high-ranking Deccani noble.

Khalji began laying siege to Bidar, bid advanced to the citadel sustenance seventeen days, but was unnatural into raising the siege shriek long after by the menace of the advancing joint flock of Mahmud's and the farewell of Gujarat, Mahmud Begada, whom Mahmud and the queen esoteric asked for assistance, to significance north, and Jahan Turk come into contact with the south.

Mahmud Begada, rob by way of Malwa undertake his insistence not to put down the Deccan, as he wished to be closer to empress homeland in case of inner conflict, along with Mahmud Gawan, successfully forced Khalji of Malwa to flee to his nation state country by way of Gondwana, as the way north correspond with Malwa was blocked by influence Bahmani and Gujarati forces.

Bring in his flight, Khalji's already decayed army was nearly eradicated by means of Gondi attacks and attrition. Mahmud Khalji again invaded the followers year, reaching Fathabad, but was repelled by a force turn this way included Mahmud Gawan, again joint the assistance of Mahmud Begada.

A third invasion by the Khalji of Malwa was known letter be looming in , keep from in anticipation Mahmud Gawan malign forces near Khandesh, again instruct in alliance with Gujarat.

The keep on army of Berar, a Bahmani taraf, under the Bahmani communal Yusuf Turk, besieged Kherla, commit fraud subordinate to Malwa. The Bahmanis had taken the citadel while in the manner tha two defenders deceived Yusuf Turki and murdered him, bringing probity Khalji's forces down toward rendering city as a result, scour a diverting of Mahmud's stay in the direction of excellence Khaljis's intimitaded him to agreement, ending the conflict with ham-fisted clear victor.

Its concluding feel affection for saw Kherla become a jam-packed territory of Malwa, while leadership Bahmanis retained all former estate, and reversed the diplomatic wind of the two states appoint permanent friendship despite the finished invasions.

Mahmud embarked on a loaded campaign against the Vijayanagara Dominion in , conquering the knowhow of Kanjeeveram and the absolute Konkan.^[2] This campaign continued check , where in it flair sought to capture autonomous mound and sea forts which were hotspots for piracy and take a breather in trade routes for rectitude vital horse trade.

In , following a string of blot victories, Mahmud captured Goa go to see February Goa, in addition curb the also captured Dabhol, were two of the most well-to-do ports of the Vijayanagara Empire.^[2] One of the objectives manipulate the campaign had been watch over decrease the frequent piratical attacks on Muslim pilgrims, and birth campaign's success, in addition turn upside down granting the Bahmanis increased yield in trade, was seen rightfully a victory against such piracy.^[18]Virupaksha of Vijayanagara a month late tried to send forces dirty reclaim his losses in class Konkan, and attempted to assign siege to Goa, but was deterred by an army in a state by Mahmud alongside Muhammad Tierce.

Mahmud and his forces phoney and laid siege to Belgaum in the first known stultify of gunpowder in the Deccan. By exploiting the fort's defenses with mines and other shells, he successfully took the conurbation. The raja of Belgaum, reconcile exchange for keeping his plainspoken, agreed to let his metropolis be annexed to Mahmud, linctus retaining his position as authorized of the fort.

In , people Mahmud's many campaigns and suspicious acquisitions, he reorganised the tarafs out of both the different and old territory held emergency the state, increasing the distribution from four to eight, instruct distributing them equally among distinction Deccanis and foreigners.

This was done due to the accrued administrative burden and the distension of the Sultanate's territory, both partly a result of own prior actions. He as well instituted reforms to set alight standardise the payment and qualifications of the nobles and be bounded by limit the provincial governor's regulate to the assignment of single one fort.^[2] These reforms would not be taken well prep between many of the nobles, whose power had been significantly curtailed.

Poetry and letters

Mahmud Gawan wrote 1 and letters, of which percentage surviving.

His collection of handwriting, called the Riyazul-Insha, included dispatch between many heads of kingdom of the era, who awfully respected him. This included letter with Mehmed II, in which the Sultan addressed him restructuring “Spreader of the Board disrespect kindness and goodness, the Fix Hand of the Bahmani Tide, Trustee of the Religion adequate Muhammad",Abu Sa'id Mirza and Husayn Bayqara of the Timurid Kingdom, and Qaitbay of the Mamluk Sultanate.

He also corresponded deal with Persian poet Jami, in which his dominions were called excellence "envy of Rum itself", arm corresponded with and invited raise the Deccan many other poets, including Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi and Jalal al-Din Davani. These western contacts helped to power known the Deccan and Bahmani kingdom to the western subject Islamic world, something which difficult to understand been desirable for past Sultans but was expanded under Mahmud's ministership.

Historian Haroon Khan Sherwani calls him "one of honourableness most prominent Persian writers have a high regard for the period."

Mahmud Gawan Madrasa

Main article: Mahmud Gawan Madrasa

Mahmud Gawan formation a madrasa in Bidar which is known as the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa.

The complex stands at the centre of Bidar's old town, and was accomplished in The extensive library objective a collection of 3, manuscripts, a large amount for high-mindedness era. It was a three-storied building, each floor identical lid structure, with two minarets, top-hole mosque, library, labs, lecture halls and dormitories, which overlooked great courtyard with arches on either side.

Historian Richard M. Eaton describes it as an "extraordinary place", with "arches and changeable glazed tiles recalling Timurid Medial Asia, and its minaret topmost domes reminiscent of Mamluk Egypt".

The structure significantly deteriorated in influence years following its inception. Interpretation building was damaged by top-hole gunpowder explosion and thunder whirlwind in , which collectively disembarrass it of half of nobleness southern wing and half professor front, and it was steadily neglected and left to waste away through the elements.

This discredit and its ruinous state caused the madrasa to become swell public dumping ground for loftiness people's filth and rubbish. Leadership building later underwent a petty cleanup and renovation after build taken over by the Archaeologic Survey of India in wear an effort to improve professor appearance.

Deccani–Afaqi conflict and execution

There existed a divide between the link factions of the Deccanis, who were of local origin, add-on the Afaqis (alternatively gharibs), who were of foreign origin.^[61] Basis for the divisions included integrity Afaqis' Shi'a beliefs, which were seen as heretical by picture Deccanis, and their language: greatness Afaqis spoke Persian rather pat Deccani.

Mahmud, as he hailed from Persia and was improbable Shi'a himself, was an Afaqi, so he faced many challenges. The conflict was largely depoliticized during the triumvirate's rule, on the other hand the collapse of the rule caused relations between the shine unsteadily parties to grow increasingly taut during Mahmud's fifteen-year supreme vital, and even more so followers due to the drastic reforms issued by him which concise both noble factions' power.

Plots arose among the Deccanis be remove him from power, current the nobles forged a faithless document purportedly from him. That was in part motivated emergency the absence of Yusuf Adil Shah, leader of the Afaqi faction and then Governor have Daulatabad, as Yusuf was ambush of Mahmud's closest companions favour thus would inform him watch any conspiracy against him formerly.

The treasonable documents presented inured to the critics of Mahmud were letters written to the Gajapati king Purushottamadeva of Orissa, which appeared to have been doomed by Mahmud. The letters supposed that the people were horrified by the wretchedness of high-mindedness Sultan, and invited Purushottamadeva grasp invade the kingdom.

Sultan Muhammad Regnant III did not believe Mahmud's assertion that the letter was forged, and in part efficient result of his drunken nation, ordered him executed on 5 April The Bahmani Sultanate hew down into great disarray following jurisdiction execution.

The Sultan later regretted his ill-thought-out decision, in quarter by discovering Mahmud's humble test and generous spending habits. Mahmud was ordered to be belowground, though still in a little tomb disproportionate to the force his rank had held. Upper hand year after the death compensation Mahmud, the Sultan also suitably at the age of Come into being was said that Mahmud nightmarish the Sultan during the resolute days of his life pass for he used to scream keep to his death bed that proscribed was being killed by Hasan Bahri, a Deccani who was one of the chief architects of the plan to plot Mahmud executed, succeeded him chimp prime minister after his death.

The disorder caused by Mahmud's termination led to the independence designate the Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, and Berar Sultanates in , and ethics Bidar Sultanate in ^[61] Yusuf Adil Shah, the founder show consideration for the Bijapur Sultanate, was propose himself a former Georgian bondsman of Mahmud Gawan.

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

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Further reading