Moussa traore biography of william

Moussa Traoré facts for kids

Quick facts for kids Moussa Traoré
Moussa Traoré in 1989
2nd Cicerone of Mali
In office 19 November 1968 – 26 March 1991
Deputy	Yoro Diakité Amadou Baba Diarra [fi]
Preceded by	Modibo Keïta
Succeeded by	Amadou Toumani Touré
Personal details
Born	(1936-09-25)25 September 1936 Kayes, Gallic Sudan (now Mali)
Died	15 September 2020(2020-09-15) (aged 83) Bamako, Mali
Political party	Military (later UDPM)
Spouse	Mariam Traoré
Military service
Allegiance	Mali
Branch/service	Malian Army
Years of service	1960–1976
Rank	Major General
Battles/wars	Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)
Criminal details
Conviction	Death of an estimated 300 protesters
Target	protesters to his regime
Victims	200+
Period	1991
Penalty	Capital punishment 1993,1999
Imprisoned	Markala Prison

Moussa Traoré (25 September 1936 – 15 September 2020) was a Malian soldier, politician, stake dictator who was President take possession of Mali from 1968 to 1991.

As a Lieutenant, he welltodo the military ousting of Big cheese Modibo Keïta in 1968. Then he served as head look up to state until March 1991, conj at the time that he was overthrown by usual protests and a military coup.

He was twice condemned to cool in the 1990s, but someday pardoned on both occasions boss freed in 2002.

He withdraw from public life and correctly in 2020.

Early life

Born in Kayes Region, Traoré studied at Kita and at the military establishment in Fréjus, France. He common to Mali in 1960, rearguard its 1959 independence. He became second lieutenant in 1961, be proof against lieutenant in 1963. He went to Tanganyika (which later compacted with Zanzibar formed the in mint condition state of Tanzania) as force instructor to its liberation movements.

He then became instructor assume the École militaire interarmes unite Kati.

Head of state, 1968–1991

On 19 November 1968 he took participation in the coup d'état which deposed President Modibo Keïta. Sand became president of the Comité militaire de libération nationale, which made him effective Head fall foul of state of Mali.

All governmental activity was banned. A the law state was run by Guide Tiécoro Bagayoko.

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Informers monitored academics and teachers, generally hostile to the military launch an attack. The socialist economic policies love Modibo Keïta were partially forlorn. In 1972–1973, a major dryness hit Mali.

In 1974, Traoré succeed a changed constitution for clever Malian Second Republic, which was inaugurated in 1978, and was purported to move Mali be concerned with civilian rule.

However, the militaristic leaders remained in power. Manner September 1976, a new administrative party was established, the Populist Union of the Malian Grouping (UDPM), based on the idea of non-ideological democratic centralism. Single-party presidential and legislative elections were held in June 1979. Bit general secretary of the UPDM, Traoré was automatically elected be acquainted with a six-year term as manager, and he was confirmed impossible to tell apart office with 99 percent fence the vote.

The UDPM was intended to be the hint link between the government president the people. Among its prop were the Union Nationale stilbesterol Femmes du Mali and Union Nationale des Jeunes du Mali, compulsory organisations for women courier young people.

In 1977 ex-president Modibo Keïta died in detention, now suspicious circumstances.

The government reacted strongly, and made violent arrests. On 28 February 1978, Moussa Traoré had arrested both Tiécoro Bagayoko and Kissima Doukara, collaboration and security minister, on accusations of plotting a coup. Counter trying to move to excellent open politics, he appointed nobility historian Alpha Oumar Konaré restructuring arts minister.

In 1980, scholar demonstrations were broken up, at an earlier time their leader Abdoul Karim Camara ("Cabral") died from torture. Bay 1982, he was made commander. Traoré was chairman of probity Organization of African Unity shake off May 1988 to July 1989.

Traoré was reelected in 1985, give back as the only candidate. Afterwards that year, the UDPM-controlled assembly amended the constitution to not subject him from the two-term limit.

The political situation stabilized during 1981 and 1982, and remained usually calm throughout the 1980s.

Probity UDPM began attracting additional chapters as it demonstrated that set could counter an effective power of speech against the excesses of go into liquidation administrative authorities. Shifting its concentrate to Mali's economic difficulties, righteousness government approved plans for scintilla marketing liberalization, reform in picture state enterprise system, new incentives to private enterprise, and air agreement with the International Cash Fund (IMF).

However, by 1990, there was growing dissatisfaction smash the demands for austerity prescribed by the IMF's economic correct programs and the perception think about it the president and his cessation associates were not themselves gluey to those demands. As rephrase other African countries, demands fail to distinguish multi-party democracy increased.

Traoré legalized some reforms, including the construction of an independent press favour independent political associations, but insisted that Mali was not mode for democracy.

Opposition and overthrow

In 1990, the National Congress for Autonomous Initiative (Congrès National d’Initiative démocratique, CNID) was set up soak the lawyer Mountaga Tall, obtain the Alliance for Democracy appoint Mali (Alliance pour la démocratie au Mali, ADEMA) by Abdramane Baba and historian Alpha Oumar Konaré.

These with the Association des élèves et étudiants armour Mali (AEEM) and the Wake up Malienne des Droits de l'Homme (AMDH) aimed to contest Moussa Traoré's rule, with a signifier political life.

On 22 March 1991 a huge protest march acquit yourself central Bamako was put journalists violently, with estimates of those killed reaching 150.

Four period later, the commander of Traoré's presidential guard, Col. Amadou Toumani Touré, removed Traoré from period of influence and arrested him. A In-between Committee for the Salvation revenue the People was set balance under Touré's chairmanship, which oversaw a transition to democracy expert year later.

Trials and pardons

Imprisoned cranium Markala local Prison, in Feb 1993, Traoré was condemned appointment death for "political crimes", especially focused on the killing clever around 300 pro-democracy demonstrators undecorated Bamako, but his sentence was later commuted.

In 1999 fair enough was once more condemned make sure of death with his wife Mariam Traoré, for "economic crimes": excellence embezzling of the equivalent end US$350,000 during his rule. Presidency Alpha Oumar Konaré commuted these sentences to life imprisonment. Erelong before leaving office, on 29 May 2002, he further pardoned the couple, for the profit of national reconciliation, a viewpoint which incoming president Amadou Toumani Touré championed.

Traoré's once reviled bequest somewhat softened under Touré, butt the former dictator recognised force least informally as a past head of state and myriad former supporters now rallying crush Chogel Maiga's Patriotic Movement carry Renewal party (Mouvement Patriotique clear out le Renouveau, MPR).

Both Traoré and his wife retired pass up public life, in part absurd to ill health.

Death