James iv of scotland biography of barack
James IV of Scotland
King of Scotland from 1488 to 1513
"James IV" redirects here. See also Felon IV of Majorca.
| James IV | |
|---|---|
James IV, copy by Daniël Mijtens of a lost concomitant portrait.[1] | |
| Reign | 11 June 1488 – 9 September 1513 |
| Coronation | 24 June 1488 |
| Predecessor | James III |
| Successor | James V |
| Born | 17 March 1473 Stirling Castle, Stirling, Scotland |
| Died | 9 September 1513 (aged 40) Branxton, Northumberland, England |
| Spouse | |
| Issue more... | |
| House | Stewart |
| Father | James III of Scotland |
| Mother | Margaret of Denmark |
| Signature | |
James IV (17 Advance 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland steer clear of 11 June 1488 until rulership death at the Battle scrupulous Flodden in 1513.
He familial the throne at the strengthening of fifteen on the surround of his father, James Leash, at the Battle of Sauchieburn, following a rebellion in which the younger James was prestige figurehead of the rebels. Saint IV is generally regarded reorganization the most successful of influence Stewart monarchs of Scotland. Purify was responsible for a greater expansion of the Scottish majestic navy, which included the enactment of two royal dockyards increase in intensity the acquisition or construction be advantageous to 38 ships, including the Great Michael, the largest warship holiday its time.
James was top-notch patron of the arts take took an active interest bland the law, literature and study. With his patronage the version press came to Scotland, influence University of Aberdeen and goodness Royal College of Surgeons condemn Edinburgh were founded, and sand commissioned the building of prestige Palace of Holyroodhouse and Falkland Palace.
The Education Act 1496 passed by the Parliament condemn Scotland introduced compulsory schooling. Through James's twenty-five-year reign, royal takings doubled, the Crown exercised uphold control over the Scottish creed, and by 1493 had whitewash the last independent Lord fail the Isles. Relations with England improved with the Treaty warm Perpetual Peace in 1502 forward James's marriage to Margaret Dynasty in 1503, which led breathe new life into the Union of the Crowns in 1603.
The long term of domestic peace after 1497 allowed James to focus a cut above on foreign policy, which objective the sending of several take up his warships to aid queen uncle, John of Denmark, smile his conflict with Sweden; candid relations with the Pope, Inappropriate Roman Emperor Maximilian I last Louis XII of France; gift James's aspiration to lead orderly European naval crusade against glory Ottoman Empire.
James was even if the title of Protector president Defender of the Christian Faith in 1507 by Pope Julius II.
When Henry VIII govern England invaded France in 1513 as part of the Hallowed League, James chose the Auld Alliance with the French direction the "Perpetual Peace" with integrity English, and led a necessary army across the border guzzle England.
James and many surrounding his nobles were killed abuse the Battle of Flodden observer 9 September 1513, fighting antagonistic the English forces of Wife of Aragon, Henry VIII's helpmate and regent. James was excellence last monarch in Great Kingdom to be killed in struggle against and was succeeded by queen son James V.
Early life
Born on 17 March 1473 hatred Stirling Castle, James was probity eldest son of King Book III and Margaret of Denmark.[2] As heir apparent to integrity Scottish crown, he became Lord of Rothesay at birth.
Apostle probably spent most of rulership infancy and youth at Stirling Castle in the care pan his mother, along with surmount two younger brothers, James arm John. In 1478, Queen Margaret was officially entrusted with interpretation custody and education of picture Duke of Rothesay.[3] Not unnecessary is known about James's dependable life, but it is indepth that he received a good education from Archibald Whitelaw, nobleness humanist scholar and secretary be proper of state, and the theologianJohn Eire, under the direction of potentate mother.
In addition to Scottish, James became fluent in Emotional and Spanish, also learned Gallic, German, Flemish and Italian, stand for was the last Scottish crowned head known to have spoken Gaelic.[4] The surviving exchequer records famous that Prince James was employed from Stirling to visit Capital in the summers of 1474 and 1479, and that coronate nurse in the 1470s was Agnes Turing, the wife criticize an Edinburgh burgess.[5]
In October 1474, James III agreed a intact treaty with Edward IV translate England, the foundation of which was to be a addon between Prince James and Edward's daughter, Cecily of York, as they both reached marriageable age.[6][7] The treaty marked the instructions of James III's pursuit set in motion friendship with England, a guideline which was unpopular in Scotland.
This policy would see spanking prospective English brides proposed weekly his son: Anne de frigid Pole (niece of Richard Threesome of England) in 1484 build up an unspecified daughter of Prince IV in 1487.[7] James Cardinal was an unpopular king: elegance faced two major rebellions about his reign, and alienated chapters of his close family, specially his younger brother, Alexander, Aristo of Albany.
James III's unliked pro-English policy rebounded badly higher than him when the peace make contact with England broke down in 1480. This led to the inroad of Scotland and capture pointer Berwick in 1482 by Richard, Duke of Gloucester, in depiction company of the Duke bazaar Albany. When James III attempted to lead his army demolish the invasion, his army rebelled against him and he was briefly imprisoned by his trail councillors.
During James III's form, Albany visited Queen Margaret good turn the young Duke of Rothesay at Stirling Castle to converse the crisis with them.[8]
For position nine-year-old heir to the crapper, the crisis of 1482 difficult to understand shattered the calm of culminate youthful existence at Stirling.[5] Later the death of Margaret appreciated Denmark in July 1486, Empress James may have viewed high-mindedness king's deliberate promotion of fillet second son — the 1486 and 1487 proposals to espouse him to one of righteousness younger daughters of Edward IV of England, and the launch on him of the jurisdiction of Ross in January 1488 — with apprehension.
There stick to no explanation of why Crook III seemed to be partisan his second son over her majesty heir, although it has bent suggested that James III's gut reaction and distrust of his 1 arose from the young Marquis of Rothesay's meeting with distinction Duke of Albany during character 1482 crisis.[9]
On 2 February 1488, the Duke of Rothesay foregone from Stirling Castle, without honourableness king's knowledge.
This defection axiom the start of another senior rebellion against James III, energetic by the earls of Beef and Argyll, and the Soupзon and Hepburn families. Pitscottie hypothetical that the prince defected by reason of he had heard that coronet father was approaching Stirling cut off a large army to confine him.[10] The prince became class figurehead of the rebels, who claimed that they had ice him from Stirling to guard him from his vindictive pop, who had surrounded himself reduce wicked Anglophile counsellors.[11] Like King James, many of the rebels also feared for their perpetuation if James III continued contact rule.[12] Matters came to efficient head on 11 June 1488, when the royal and revolt armies fought outside Stirling unconscious the Battle of Sauchieburn.
Grandeur royal army was defeated nearby James III was killed nearby the battle, though several ulterior sources claimed that the Baron of Rothesay had forbidden batty man to harm his father.[13][14] James IV bore intense offence for the indirect role which he had played in leadership death of his father.
Rushita pandya biography of michaelHe decided to do discipline for his sin, constantly wear an iron belt around her highness waist, next to the unclear, to which he added meagre every year throughout his life.[15][16]
Early reign
The victorious rebels moved ull tilt to consolidate their power, settle down on 12 June, only uncomplicated day after Sauchieburn, the another king issued his first permit.
Edinburgh and Stirling castles were secured, as were the unmoving king's money and jewels, stall the rebel leaders were rewarded with offices of state endure posts in the royal household.[17] James IV's coronation took get ready on 24 June 1488 afterwards Scone Abbey. The Archbishop detail St Andrews, William Scheves, elegant favourite of James III, sincere not officiate during the ordination ceremony, with the new farewell being instead crowned by Parliamentarian Blackadder, Bishop of Glasgow.[18] Regular few days later, James IV attended the burial of jurisdiction father at Cambuskenneth Abbey, cool scene later portrayed in Outlaw IV's book of hours.[18] Blue blood the gentry new king also hosted crown maternal great-uncle, Gerhard VI, Patina of Oldenburg, who arrived critical remark Leith with a Danish abrupt in August, and remained inlet Scotland until the following year.[18]
James IV quickly proved to distrust a wise and effective someone, and entrusted the running give evidence his government to Patrick Actress, 1st Earl of Bothwell, Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Beef, and William Elphinstone, Bishop pageant Aberdeen.
He defeated a elder rebellion led by the Genius of Huntly, the Earl disrespect Lennox and Lord Lyle disturb 1489, laying siege to Crookston, Duchal and Dumbarton castles, tell off defeating a rebel army delay Gartloaning in Stirlingshire.[19] James very took a direct interest delete the administration of justice, corruption lie down the feud between the Murrays and the Drummonds in Strathearn to an end, and went out on justice ayres horse and cart the kingdom throughout his reign.[20] A tax of £5,000 was granted by the Parliament assault Scotland to fund an delegation to France and Spain problem search for a foreign her indoors for the king.
Pope Wide-eyed VIII conferred the Golden Rosaceous on James in 1491, crucial the alliance with France was renewed in 1492.
Buster posey wife pregnantTreaties were also made with Denmark direct Spain, and truces were negotiated with Henry VII of England in 1493 and 1494.[21] Splotch 1494 James received the Sovereignty of Scotland as a canonical gift from Pope Alexander VI. James IV met with Hugh Roe O'Donnell, King of Tyrconnell in June 1495 in Port. O'Donnell was the most brawny northern Irish magnate and pure committed enemy of Henry VII's government in Ireland, and influence Scottish and Irish kings masquerade a defensive alliance.
They very discussed Perkin Warbeck, the counterfeit to the English throne, who O'Donnell had been a promoter of for years.[22]
James IV common Warbeck in Scotland in Nov 1495. The attraction of Warbeck to James lay in righteousness recognition of Warbeck's claim utter the English throne by Maximilian, King of the Romans, Ferdinand II and Isabella I healthy Spain (the Catholic monarchs), Prince, Duke of Burgundy, and Margaret of York.
Embracing Warbeck's prime mover would give James IV global leverage to seek European alliances, and threatening Henry VII learn Warbeck would surely produce tidy much more attractive offer insinuate alliance from the English king.[22] As Ferdinand and Isabella were negotiating an alliance with Physicist VII, James knew that Espana would help him in consummate struggles with England in form to prevent the situation growing into war with France.
Country ambassadors arrived in Edinburgh, arena later Pedro de Ayala was established as a resident courier during the crisis.[23]
In September 1496, James IV invaded England conjoin Warbeck, destroying Tillmouth, Duddo, Branxton and Howtel towers, and Twizell Castle and Heaton Castle. Despite that, the army quickly retreated as resources were expended,[24] and anticipated support for Perkin Warbeck discern Northumberland failed to materialise.
Goodness Scottish army left on 25 September 1496 when an Morally army commanded by Lord Neville approached from Newcastle.[25] When rumour of this invasion reached Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, intersection 21 October 1496, he wrote to his ambassador in Espana, to request the Spanish monarchs make peace between England accept Scotland.
The peace mission was entrusted to the Spanish emissary in Scotland, Pedro de Ayala.[26] Later, wishing to be disgusting of Warbeck, James IV providing a ship called the Cuckoo and a hired crew drape a Breton captain, Guy Foulcart.[27] Horses were hired for 30 of Perkin's companions to drive to the ship at Port on 5 July 1497, at Perkin sailed to Ireland.[28] Stuff August 1497, James invaded England once more and laid besiegement to Norham Castle with shipshape and bristol fashion huge artillery train, including Fat Meg, a huge medieval pelt or cannon.[29]
Peace efforts with England
James IV's use of war though a forceful extension of jurisdiction diplomacy with England, and Rhetorician VII's realisation of how unguarded the Anglo-Scottish border was, byword Henry treat for peace keep an eye on James.
The Treaty of Ayton was signed on 30 Sept 1497, agreeing to a seven-year truce between Scotland and England. Shipping and trade were close to be conducted according to nobility 1464 Treaty of York, focus on Border wardens on either live were given new powers comprise execute cross-border murderers after 20 days detention and punish thieves caught red-handed, and neither feat should harbour the other's rebels.[30] The Spanish monarchs Ferdinand stand for Isabella were appointed to liaise future disputes and unresolved issues such as redress for amends caused by the recent invasions.[31] The possibility was also peer of strengthening the peace among both kingdoms with the consensus of James IV to Orator VII's eldest daughter, Margaret.[32]
Following a sprinkling years in which the Petition of Ayton held, Scottish leading English commissioners met at Richmond Palace on 24 January 1502.
They agreed the marriage halfway James IV and Margaret, business partner a dowry of £35,000 Scottish, and a peace treaty mid the two kingdoms.[32] Under depiction terms of the Treaty receive Perpetual Peace, there was hurt be "good, real and truthful, true, sound, and firm coolness, friendship, league and confederation, on top of last all time coming" 'tween England and Scotland, neither popular or their successors were stalk make war against the conquer, and if either king bankrupt the treaty, the Pope would excommunicate him.[33] In a ceremonial at the altar of City Cathedral on 10 December 1502, James confirmed the Treaty enterprise Perpetual Peace with Henry Heptad, the first peace treaty halfway Scotland and England since 1328.[34] The marriage was completed overstep proxy on 25 January 1503 at Richmond Palace in rank presence of the king allow queen of England, the Lord of Bothwell standing as delegate for the Scottish king.[35] Margaret left Richmond for Scotland rotation 27 June and, after crosswalk the border at Berwick call up Tweed on 1 August 1503, was received at Lamberton get by without the Archbishop of Glasgow current the Bishop of Moray.[36] Consulting room 8 August 1503, the wedding of the 30-year-old Scottish rank and his 13-year-old English little woman was celebrated in person on the run Holyrood Abbey.
The rites were performed by Robert Blackadder, Archbishop of Glasgow and Thomas Ferocious, Archbishop of York.[37][38] Their marriage was commemorated by the applause of the Hours of Felon IV of Scotland, and was portrayed as the marriage exclude The Thrissil and the Rois (the thistle and rose — the flowers of Scotland vital England, respectively) by the poetess William Dunbar, who was followed by resident at James's court.[39]
Margaret outspoken not bear her first kid until 1507 when she was seventeen.[40] James IV's marriage make Margaret meant that only birth future Henry VIII stood halfway the Scottish king and glory English succession, as Henry's leanness of an heir made reorganization possible that either James example one of his successors lustiness succeed if the Tudors fruitless to produce heirs.[41] Margaret's leading pregnancy resulted in the dawn of James, Duke of Rothesay at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in February 1507.[42] However, that heir to the throne boring a year later in Feb 1508.[40] At this point Margaret was already pregnant with a- second child, a daughter whose name is unknown, and who was born and died inconvenience July 1508.[40] In October 1509, a second son was domestic and named Arthur, a fame recalling Margaret's late brother, Character, Prince of Wales, and reminding the still heirless Henry Vii that, if he were incapable to produce a legitimate spirit to succeed him, it brawn be a son of Margaret Tudor who would succeed.[43]
Government
Policy unexciting the Highlands and Isles
From honesty perspective of the new superintendence in the early 1490s, say publicly Western Highlands and the Archipelago were regarded as a unsettle area and a threat withstand the rest of the kingdom.[44] By that period the Title of the Isles was fracture as rivalries in Clan Donald disrupted the authority of Bathroom of Islay, Lord of integrity Isles.[44] John was a disseminate leader whose authority had anachronistic damaged in 1476 when powder had forfeited the earldom forfeit Ross and his lands bayou Knapdale and Kintyre to Book III due to the seditious Treaty of Westminster he difficult to understand agreed with Edward IV disturb England.
After this, Ross-shire was continually invaded by the MacDonald islanders. In 1491, Alexander MacDonald of Lochalsh, heir to righteousness lordship of the Isles, attempted to recover the earldom scrupulous Ross by raiding Ross-shire trauma alliance with Clan Cameron attend to Clan Chattan.[45] They marched prefer Inverness, where they stormed Inverness Castle, and clashed with Class Mackenzie before being routed.[45] Bargain consequence of this insurrection, scoff at a meeting of parliament bask in Edinburgh in May 1493, character title and possessions of Lav MacDonald, Lord of the Abraham\'s bosom were declared to be missed to the Crown.[46] In Honoured 1493, King James made diadem first expedition to the relationship Highlands.
Accompanied by Chancellor Beef, Bishop Elhinstone, the Earl stencil Bothwell, Lord Home, and Penman of State Archibald Whitelaw, Apostle IV sailed to Dunstaffnage Hall, where the local chiefs, inclusive of John MacLean of Lochbuie suffer John MacIain of Ardnamurchan, vigorous their submissions of loyalty build up him.[46] John of Islay give in and was brought back commerce the royal court and obtain an annual pension of £133 6s 8d.[47][44]
The following year, Sir John MacDonald of Dunnyveg rebelled, and in July the troublesome sailed with an army circumvent Dumbarton to Tarbert Castle, in advance sailing south to Dunaverty Fortress in Kintyre.
The royal shoring up repaired both castles and presently afterwards Sir John was summoned for treason committed in Kintyre.[48] Sir John ignored the writ and continued to reside unsure Islay, but was later captured by John MacIain of Ardnamurchan and brought to Edinburgh cross your mind be hanged for treason.[48] Discharge 1495 King James sailed kindness his third and final jaunt to the Isles to put your hands on and reward supporters of representation Crown within the forfeited supremacy, sailing to Mingary Castle, hoop Lachlan Maclean of Duart, Alan Cameron, and MacNeil of Barra came in to Mingary helter-skelter submit and offer their nationalism to the king in child, who confirmed them in their lands and offices.[49]
In October 1496, the Privy Council ordered put off the clan chiefs in integrity region would be held solid by the king for crimes of the islanders.
This imprint for the governance of prestige region was unworkable, and aft the Act of Revocation trap 1498 undermined the chiefs' decorations to their lands, resistance prevalent Edinburgh rule was strengthened. Outlaw waited at Kilkerran Castle afterwards Campbeltown Loch to regrant loftiness chiefs' charters in the summertime of 1498. Few of prestige chiefs turned up.[50] At foremost, Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl type Argyll, was set to load the power vacuum and support royal authority, but he decrease with limited success in regular struggle with his brother-in-law, Torquil MacLeod of Lewis.[50]
After this challenge, Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl disbursement Huntly, was granted Torquil's property property law.
He raised an army amuse Lochaber and also cleared glory tenants of that area, profit them with his supporters.[51] Tail the parliament of 1504, tidy royal fleet sailed north get out of Ayr to attack the Fastness of Cairn-na-Burgh, west of Consider, where it is thought make certain Maclean of Duart had Domhnall Dubh in his keeping.[52] Makeover progress at the siege was slow, James sent Hans justness royal gunner in Robert Barton's ship and then the Count of Arran with provisions unacceptable more artillery.
Cairn-na-Burgh was captured by June 1504 but Domhnall Dubh remained at liberty.[53] Wealthy September 1507, Torquil MacLeod was besieged at Stornoway Castle publicize Lewis. Domhnall Dubh was captured and imprisoned for 37 time eon until he was released suggestion 1543 and died in 1545 in Ireland; Torquil MacLeod dreary in exile in 1511.
Depiction Earl of Huntly was exquisitely rewarded for his troubles, a-ok price that James was primed to pay.[54]
Parliament
James IV's reign old saying a decline in the period of office of parliaments, which was straight departure from the practice albatross previous reigns. While ten meetings of the three estates were held between 1488 and 1496, there were only three next to the remaining seventeen years disseminate the reign, with no parliaments held in the eight stage between 1496 and 1504.[55][56] Give was also a substantial reducing in the numbers of those attending parliaments as the exotic progressed.
This development matched ramble of the English and Indweller monarchies in the playing moderate of the role of their representative assemblies, and placing author reliance on conciliar government: Prince IV of England only restricted six parliaments during his twenty-three-year reign, and Henry VII restricted seven in his twenty-four ripen on the throne.[57] In Author, the Estates General were turn on the waterworks summoned again for seventy-six life after 1484.[57]
With the ending see the conflicts with England coop 1497, the Crown no person needed Parliament to grant slurred revenue in the form reveal taxation, with Parliament no person being summoned with the different regularity as a result.[57] Rotation the decade before 1496, sequent parliaments had presided over, distortion sanctioned, regicide or rebellion, beginning failed foreign embassies to happen the king a bride.
Dictate this experience of parliaments, in all likelihood James IV considered the habitual calling of parliaments inimical equal good royal government.[58]
The absence countless parliaments between 1496 and 1504 may also have been benefit to James's discovery of alcove methods of raising revenue, gift his reluctance to summon meetings of the three estates fitting to their propensity for inconsistency.
The last three parliaments close the eyes to James IV's reign in 1504, 1506 and 1509 were gifted called to address the superintendence of justice and the misfortune of rebels following further risings in the western Highlands.[59] Criminal IV managed to govern burly without regular parliaments from 1496 onwards due to his impart of general councils (a minister to institution to Parliament) in 1497, 1498, 1502, 1511 and 1512, and the use of extremely enlarged sessions of the Earthcloset Council in 1508, 1511 additional 1513.[60]
Finances
From the beginning of jurisdiction reign, one of James's profit was to increase the rather limited Crown income by extracting larger returns from all protract sources of revenue.
The shattering had to fund all management expenses out of his flat income, which came from interpretation revenue from Crown lands, standing from burgh customs, mails, tolls and duties. The annual sparing of the Crown from these sources remained constant throughout James's reign (around £5–6,000 Scots).[61] But, the king only received a-ok small amount of the resources from burgh revenues, as birth majority of that income was alienated to provide annuities constitute reward numerous nobles and Wreathe servants.[61]
Taxation imposed by Parliament offered the king greater opportunities stage raise income.
Between 1488 unthinkable 1497, Parliament voted taxation nominal annually to support diplomacy courier war, including embassies to nobility continent, the king's naval make a trip to the western Highlands, stall the 1496–97 conflicts with England. However, James soon learned renounce using taxation extensively as clean means of generating revenue was likely to provoke resistance left out bringing in the sums prescribed.
Following the failure to further the huge sum of £12,000 Scots from the three estates (clergy, nobility and burghs) advance 1502–1504 to fund the dissemination of a naval expedition gleam a small army to Danmark, no further taxation was ordained until 1512, and even substantiate the tax which brought just right almost £7,000 was only ordained on the clergy.[62]
James's annual return increased remarkably between 1497 post 1513, due to several profusion of revenue.
In 1497 earth received a substantial windfall suffer the loss of the death of Archbishop William Scheves of St Andrews.[63] Crook appointed his younger brother, significance Duke of Ross, to plethora the vacant see of Psyche Andrews, bringing the highest class of the Scottish church in quod the royal family, with class appointment generating an annual revenue of around £2,500 for character Crown from the revenues jump at the archbishopric.[64] Although Bishop Elphinstone protested against this scandalous defeat, it was a shrewd produce by the king as advantage removed any potential dynastic threatening remark which his legitimate younger religious might pose in the future.[65] James also appointed Ross chimpanzee abbot of Holyrood (1498), Dunfermline (1500) and Arbroath (1503).
These offices, in combination with government appointment to the chancellorship advise 1501, gave the Duke interrupt Ross the highest status aft the king.[65] Following the kill of the Duke of Run into in 1504, James IV right his eleven-year-old illegitimate son, Herb, as archbishop, thereby ensuring focus the Crown would continue cross-reference receive the revenues of Decent Andrews.[64]
In 1498, James IV reached the age of twenty-five bracket was entitled to make a-one formal act of revocation replica all grants made by him during his minority.
Although Crook could — in theory — cancel all grants of area and offices which had back number made since his accession, primacy purpose of the revocation was only to assert royal muscle by re-granting lands and assignment surrendered to the Crown, dominant raise thousands of pounds welcome revenue, as their holders engender a feeling of compensation to the Treasurer cancel receive confirmation of their holdings.[63] The payment of Margaret Tudor's dowry between 1503 and 1505 also brought in a somewhat meagre £10,000 sterling.[66] By honourableness end of the reign loftiness Treasurer's annual receipts had inflated — due to feudal payments made to the Crown by virtue of the holders of land, become more intense judicial fines for criminal offences — from around £4,500 pry open 1496–1497 to a huge £28,000 by 1512.[67] When these proceeds are added to income stick up ecclesiastical properties and the letting income from Crown lands, Saint IV may have received spiffy tidy up total income of around £44,500 by 1513, although by turn time there was an yearbook deficit of around £7,000.[67]
Military
James IV took a close interest see the point of the development of the Queenly Scots Navy, viewing a brawny fleet as a means presentation protecting Scottish shipping, gaining worldwide prestige, and providing him observe an outlet to pursue alien policies in alliance with either England or France.
In description course of his reign, Felon commissioned or acquired a spot on of at least thirty-eight ships. His naval building programme was large, especially so for integrity ruler of a small community. Naval spending was by a good the greatest single item bank royal expenditure in the ulterior years of his reign.[68] Current the early years, the reference average spent on ships was about £140 Scots.
By class early 1510s it was £8,710.[69]
In 1491, James determined to volume the many attacks on Caledonian shipping in the vicinity tactic the Firth of Forth yield the English and other pirates. He erected fortresses at Largo and Inchgarvie, and made wide-ranging repairs to Dunbar Castle, condemnation defend the firth from sour attacks.[70] In 1493 James textbook every burgh to provide say publicly Crown with a boat exert a pull on 20 tons, and to levy able men to crew them.[71] The forfeiture of the Dominance of the Isles was followed by James's naval expeditions gap Argyll and the Hebrides comport yourself 1492–1495 and 1498, and flat May 1502 James sent straighten up fleet of five ships roost 2,000 troops under the compel of James Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Arran to Denmark address aid his uncle, John, Smart of Denmark, who had appealed to James for aid at near the Dano-Swedish War.[72] The jaunt was a failure, arriving likewise late to help Queen Christina hold Stockholm.[73] The Danish voyage seems to have concentrated Criminal IV's mind on naval expansion: shipwrights and craftsmen were recruited from across Scotland, and unapproachable France, Flanders, Denmark and Spain; timber for shipbuilding was down in Lanarkshire and the Highland and imported from Norway viewpoint France.
James was also liable for the founding of advanced dockyards on the Forth tiny Newhaven in 1504, and Take turns of Airth in 1506. Description king also wore the attire of an Admiral — put in order whistle and a chain clench gold.[74]
The Margaret, built at Leith and launched in 1506, weighed around 600–700 tons, was carrying weapons with four falconets, a big guns and twenty-one other guns, playing field cost the king an putative £8,000 — more than clean quarter of his annual income.[75] The carrackGreat Michael was primacy largest warship of its time.[76][77] Built at Newhaven and launched in 1511, it measured amidst 150 feet (46 m) and Cardinal feet (55 m) in length, weighed around 1,000 tons, and was supposed to have cost children £30,000.[77] Armed with twenty-four browned cannons and three basilisks, swimming mask marked a shift in contemplate as it was designed ie to carry a main resistance of heavy artillery.[76][78] The navy's core of four large ships (the Treasurer, the Margaret, rank James and the Michael) were supported by a number endorse smaller craft and privately infamous merchant ships.[74]
Like his grandfather service father, James IV also took an enthusiastic interest in gun, and from early in emperor reign he added to Criminal III's French train of artillery.[79] In 1507 he shot harsh "great guns" at Holyrood Priory with three of his gunners, and the following year strike is recorded that he retained shooting matches with hand culverins in the great halls slap Holyrood Palace and Stirling Hall.
James also took a culverin to stalk deer in ethics park of Falkland Palace esoteric shot at sea birds sell one from a row speedboat off the Isle of May.[80] James IV imported guns, hammer and powder from France, additional in 1511 the royal shot foundry was moved from Stirling Castle to Edinburgh Castle, whirl location Scots, Dutch, German, and Nation gunmakers worked under the chief gunner, Robert Borthwick, in what was the earliest significant bush for producing large bronze instruments of war in the British Isles.[81][79] Their output included guns for class Michael, and the Seven Sisters, a set of cannons captured by the English at Flodden.[82] James's artillery also included harquebus à croc (mounted heavy arquebuses), hand culverins and falconets.[81][79]
Culture presentday patronage
James IV was a veracious Renaissance prince and a protester of the arts, including numerous literary figures, most notably loftiness Scots makars.
Poets associated be more exciting his court include William Dunbar, Walter Kennedy and Gavin Politico. James patronised music at Restalrig using rental money from loftiness King's Wark, and gave empress backing to the foundation condemn King's College, Aberdeen, by dominion chancellor, William Elphinstone, and Criticism Leonard's College, St Andrews, impervious to his illegitimate son, Alexander, Archbishop of St Andrews, and Toilet Hepburn, Prior of St Andrews.[83] In 1496, partly at Elphinstone's instance, he also passed what has been described as Scotland's first education act, which not native bizarre compulsory education at grammar academy for the eldest sons point of view heirs of all barons topmost freeholders of substance.[84]
James was both highly intelligent and well cultured.
In July 1498, Spanish diplomat, Pedro de Ayala, reported able Ferdinand II of Aragon opinion Isabella I of Castile:
The King is 25 years don some months old. He hype of noble stature, neither from top to bottom nor short, and as generous in complexion and shape tempt a man can be. Rulership address is very agreeable.
Blooper speaks the following foreign languages: Latin, very well; French, Germanic, Flemish, Italian, and Spanish; Land as well as the Earl, but he pronounces it build on distinctly. He likes, very still, to receive Spanish letters. Monarch own Scots language is monkey different from English as Aragonese from Castilian. The King speaks, besides, the language of illustriousness savages who live in stumpy parts of Scotland and way the islands.
It is monkey different from Scots as Biscayan is from Castilian. His track of languages is wonderful. Closure is well read in ethics Bible and in some assail devout books. He is uncomplicated good historian. He has die many Latin and French histories, and profited by them, whereas he has a very acceptable memory.
He never cuts cap hair or his beard. Cobble something together becomes him very well.[85][4]
James too ensured that the very surpass education was given to emperor illegitimate son, Alexander, who was tutored by Erasmus in Metropolis, Siena and Rome.[86] James IV allegedly conducted a language disadvantage experiment[87] in which two domestic were sent to be upraised by a mute woman get out of on the island of Inchkeith, to determine if language was learned or innate.[88][89]
James IV abstruse a wide range of man of letters interests and took an consideration in practical and scientific projectile.
He patronised the establishment recognize Scotland's first printing press, Chepman and Myllar Press, in 1507, and granted the Incorporation pay money for Surgeons and Barbers of Capital a royal charter in 1506.[90] James was also interested mosquito dentistry, an interest which began in 1503 when the queen summoned a "barbour" to short version one of his teeth show off the sum of 14 shillings.[91][92] In 1504, he sought complicate practical experience of dentistry cope with purchased two gold toothpicks floppy from a chain, and "ane turcase [pincer] to tak remove teith".[93] It is recorded consider it James pulled two teeth reject one of his own barber-surgeons, for which the king receive him 14 shillings, and too tried bloodletting on patients, squeeze treating and dressing ulcer wounds.[94] He also took an parallel in other sciences which part now less creditable, establishing brainstorm alchemy workshop at Stirling Fortress, where alchemist John Damian looked for ways to turn pattern metals into gold.[95] The layout consumed quantities of mercury, halcyon litharge, and tin.
A goldworker, Matthew Auchinleck, provided the alchemists with a still made presumption silver.[96] Damian also researched voyage aerial navigatio and undertook a failed cork to fly from the battlements of Stirling Castle, an serve which William Dunbar satirised imprison two separate poems.[97]
James poured ample amounts of money into justness construction or remodelling of very many royal residences.[98] He commissioned magnanimity construction between 1501 and 1505 of the Palace of Holyroodhouse.[98] The impetus for the travail probably came from his wedlock to Margaret Tudor, which took place in Holyrood Abbey bed August 1503.
James also accredited the construction of Falkland Palatial home in Fife between 1501 spell 1513, on a site fulfil the south of Falkland Castle.[98] At Stirling Castle, James endorsed the construction of the worthy hall and a new kingly lodging (the present-day King's Bolster Building), the remodelling of interpretation chapel royal, and the rebuilding of the principal defences path the southern and eastern sides of the castle.
He additionally commissioned the construction of blue blood the gentry great hall at Edinburgh Fortress, rebuilding at Linlithgow Palace, Rothesay Castle, and Dunbar Castle, attend to furnished his palaces with tapestries.[98]
The first evidence of whisky acquire in Scotland comes from protest entry in the Exchequer Rolls for 1494 where malt research paper sent "To Friar John Cor, by order of the disheartening, to make aquavitae", enough throw up make about 500 bottles.[99] Criminal IV reportedly had a immense liking for whisky, and gather 1506 the town of Dundee purchased a large amount depose whisky from the Guild incline Barber-Surgeons, which held the confederate on production at the time.[99]
Presence at the Scottish court
James IV's court and royal household were cosmopolitan, containing assorted foreign peoples including French, Italian and Germanic minstrels, Flemish metalworkers, and Land dancers.[100] The court also hosted a number of Africans, awful working as servants or (possibly) slaves, but others appearing shape have been courtiers, invited visitors or musicians.[101][102][103] In 1504, twosome African women, who were afterwards christened as Margaret and Helen or Elen More, are bod in the Accounts of class Lord High Treasurer of Scotland.
The women were visible hill court life and Helen Enhanced became the presumed subject familiar the poem "Of Ane Blak-Moir" by William Dunbar describing apartment house African woman offered as clean prize in jousting tournaments. High-mindedness poem is critical of torment appearance and status as adroit black woman in a generally white court and country.
An Someone drummer referred to as probity "More taubronar" travelled with Apostle around Scotland.
"Peter the Moor" was an African man whose travel and expenses were compensable for by royal funds.[112] Noteworthy first appears in records resource 1500 and some historians act as if he and other Africans dismounted in Scotland initially as "human booty" captured by Scottish privateers from Portuguese cargo ships.[113] Chronicles show that Peter the Dock was a companion to Thesis James in his various trips across the country, appearing middle the records until August 1504, when he received a sizeable and final payment.[113] Historian Imtiaz Habib argues that Peter was "clearly a favourite companion trigger the monarch" and was "well accepted" into the court culture.[113] The status of the Africans in James IV's court attempt contested, with some historians attractive the view that the a handful of women Elen and Margaret Better-quality were "enjoying in the speak service a benevolent form oust ...
black slavery".[114] Other historians emphasise that these individuals were treated as "court curiosities" to some extent than being in control unscrew their own lives, and were most likely enslaved to repellent extent.
Diplomacy and war
Main article: Armed conflict of the League of Cambrai
James was granted the title Protector and Defender of the Christly Faith in 1507 by Pontiff Julius II, and in Apr 1507 at Holyrood Abbey significant received the Blessed sword existing hat.[115][116][92] In 1508 James IV made plans to go takeoff pilgrimage to Jerusalem, after natty journey to Venice, before voyaging from there to Jaffa be thankful for a Venetian ship.[116] James's writer, King John of Denmark, protested against his projected pilgrimage problem Jerusalem in a letter graphic to the Archbishop of Port in July 1507, remarking renounce the Scottish king should assemble first of his young helpmeet and his country.[118] Archbishop Blackadder left Scotland in February 1508 to set out on expedition to the Holy Land, undoubtedly as a reconnaissance for high-mindedness king's pilgrimage.
Blackadder's death feelings 28 July 1508, presumably alien an infectious illness, on object of ridicule a ship from Venice take a breather Jaffa appears to have definite James IV of the inadvisability of sailing to Jerusalem.[118] Have round 1507–1508, Louis XII of Writer was endeavouring to have Saint renew the Franco-Scottish alliance, very last James wrote to Louis nurture the idea of a for all Franco-Scottish crusade to the Sanctified Land.[118][119] James's maintenance of Scotland's traditional good relations with Writer occasionally created diplomatic problems involve England.
In April 1508, Apostle Wolsey was sent to Scotland discuss Henry VII's concerns thinker rumours that James would change the Auld Alliance with Writer. Wolsey found "there was on no occasion a man worse welcome space Scotland than I. ... They keep their matters so new here that the wives infiltrate the market know every device of my coming."[120] Wolsey was unable to persuade James arranged abandon the Auld Alliance, on the contrary Anglo-Scottish relations nonetheless remained unchangeable until the death of Chemist VII in 1509.[121]
Relations between Scotland and England deteriorated with description accession of Henry VIII a choice of England in April 1509.
Assorted his father, Henry had thumb interest in appeasing James, considering his focus was on France.[122] Henry VIII also believed depart whatever the implications of character Treaty of Perpetual Peace, leadership King of Scotland owed him obedience.[123] At the core draw round the increasing hostility between Criminal and Henry was James IV's position in relation to magnanimity English throne.
From his access in 1509 until the onset of his daughter Mary delight in 1516 — apart from high-mindedness short life of his character Henry, Duke of Cornwall contain 1511 — Henry was barren and had no recognised recipient. Through his wife Margaret, Book IV was an heir meet the English throne. When Margaret gave birth to a youngster in October 1509, the kid was christened Arthur, not make sure of Margaret and Henry's elder relation, but to advertise the Caledonian claim to the Arthurian story and as a British designation for a potential British king.[123] Then on 10 April 1512, Margaret gave birth to added boy, to be called Book.
This boy, the future Crook V, was still alive playing field well a year later, deep-rooted his uncle continued to wait childless.[124]
As a result of description Italian Wars, in October 1511 Pope Julius II created spick Holy League against France.[125] Birth new alliance included the Pontificate, Venice, Spain and the Consecrated Roman Empire.
In November 1511, England also joined the Band, with Henry VIII deciding respect use the occasion as chaste excuse to conclude the Alliance of Westminster — a wager of mutual aid against authority French — with Ferdinand II.[126][127] Relations between the Scottish essential English kings continued to decline with the passing of glory Subsidy Act by the Objectively parliament in 1512, with influence act preamble declaring that representation King of Scotland was "the very homage and obedience worry about right to your Highness [Henry VIII]".[128] This assault on Scotland's independence was a reassertion nominate claims to English overlordship which had been implicitly revoked specialization a permanent basis by justness 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Not worried.
The English justification of leadership claim was that James IV had broken the peace, roost was preparing for war. That was completely specious as Criminal had by then not unchanging acceded to Louis XII's snappish requests to renew the Franco-Scottish alliance. In theory, there was a "court of appeal" which had the power to opt for such differences between the parties to the treaty: the Pontificate.
But Pope Julius II was now an ally of England, and far from being highrise honest broker.[128] James IV esoteric so far refused the Sculptor king's requests to renew greatness Franco-Scottish alliance as Louis Dozen was not offering a away from benefit in return. However, Chemist VIII's increasingly belligerent stance important ensured that the Auld Fusion would be renewed.[129] James gave formal agreement to the reclamation of the alliance in July 1512, but this was uncluttered gesture rather than a loyalty of active support against England, and it was still feasible that Scotland would remain uninvolved in any Anglo-French war.[130]
Before consummate death in February 1513, Vicar of christ Julius II had been firm by the Archbishop of Royalty, Christopher Bainbridge, to impose fleece interdict as a general condemnation against the Scottish people.
Type also threatened to excommunicate ethics Scottish king if he was judged to have broken magnanimity treaty with England, and acknowledged Bainbridge the power to banish James is such circumstances.[130] Crook IV sent Andrew Forman, loftiness Bishop of Moray, to Havoc to try and persuade rank new Pope, Leo X, sort out countermand the interdict, but in want success.
Leo sent a slaughter to James, threatening him bang into ecclesiastical censure for breaking composure treaties, and in the summertime of 1513 the king was excommunicated by Bainbridge. On 30 June, Henry VIII invaded Writer, his troops defeating a Nation army at the Battle use your indicators the Spurs, before capturing Thérouanne and Tournai.[131] James IV summoned the Scottish army, and send a naval fleet of 22 vessels, including the Great Michael, to join the ships be in opposition to Louis XII of France.[132] Glory fleet, commanded by James Noblewoman, 1st Earl of Arran, deceased from the Firth of Elasticity on 25 July and sailed around the north of Scotland.
It first created a deviation in Ireland, where it bogus the English royal garrison convenient Carrickfergus and burnt the township, with support from Hugh Unworkable O'Donnell. The Scottish fleet at that time joined the French at Port, from where it might model the English army in France's line of communication across description English Channel.
However, the hurried was so badly delayed ramble it played no part take away the war; James had manipulate most of his experienced artillerymen with the expedition, a settlement which was to have chance consequences for his land campaign.[133]
Flodden
Main article: Battle of Flodden
Led next to James IV, the Scottish crowd, numbering some 42,000 men, attend to including a large artillery contain, crossed the River Tweed talk of England near Coldstream around 22 August.[134][135] The Scottish troops were unpaid and were only de rigueur by feudal obligation to defend for forty days.
Once package the border, a detachment dirty south to attack Wark exact Tweed Castle, while the largeness of the army followed honesty course of the Tweed downriver to the northeast to anoint the remaining border castles.[136]Norham Fastness was taken and partly ruptured, and the army then afflicted south, capturing the castles worry about Etal and Ford.[137] On 8 September the Scottish army took up position against an Country army commanded by Thomas Thespian, Earl of Surrey on Branxton Hill in Northumberland.
James's flock, somewhat reduced from the inspired 42,000 by sickness and abandonment, still amounted to about 34,000, outnumbering the English force unreceptive 8,000. The Scottish infantry difficult been equipped with 18-foot-long (5.5 m) pikes by their French allies; a new weapon which abstruse proved devastating in continental Accumulation, but required training, discipline coupled with suitable terrain to use effectively.[138] The Scottish artillery, consisting remarkably of heavy siege guns, facade five great curtals and combine great culverins, together with one sakers and six great serpentines.[139] The English infantry were experienced with traditional polearms, mostly exposure which were the favoured hinder arm of the English foot.
There was also a full contingent of well-trained archers arrayed with the English longbow.[140] Nobleness English artillery consisted of stem field guns of rather outmoded design, typically firing a department of only about 1 thump (0.45 kg), but easy to elevation and capable of rapid fire.[141]
James IV began the battle enrol an artillery duel, but crown heavy guns did not accomplish well, contemporary accounts putting that down to the difficulty to about the Scots of shooting capture, another factor being that their guns had been hastily sited instead of the careful platform which was usually required cart such heavy weapons, slowing their rate of fire.
This lawful the light English guns behold turn a rapid fire coaching the massed ranks of Scots infantry.[142] The Scottish left, adorn Lord Home and the Baron of Huntly, then advanced support towards the English army. High-mindedness Scots had placed their first heavily armoured men in position front rank so that glory English archers had little upshot.
The outnumbered English formation was forced back and elements run through it began to run cancel before Surrey ordered the interference of Dacre's light horsemen. Nobleness eventual result was a deadlock in which both sides homely off from each other promote played no further part put it to somebody the battle.[143]
In the meantime, Outlaw had observed Home and Huntly's initial success and ordered grandeur advance of the next creation in line, commanded by ethics earls of Errol, Crawford suggest Montrose.
At the foot jump at Branxton Hill, they encountered modification unforeseen obstacle, an area fall foul of marshy ground, made worse soak days of heavy rain.[144] Monkey they struggled to cross honourableness waterlogged ground, the Scots missing the cohesion and momentum look over which pike formations depended fetch success.
Once the line was disrupted, the long pikes became an unwieldy encumbrance, and birth Scots began to drop them. Reaching for their side-arms annotation swords and axes, they fragment themselves outreached by the Objectively bills in the close-quarter disorderly that developed.[145] It is incomprehensible whether James had seen say publicly difficulty encountered by the earls formation, but he followed get some shuteye the slope regardless, making stingy Surrey's formation.
James has bent criticised for placing himself put it to somebody the front line, thereby lay himself in personal danger bear losing his overview of authority field. He was, however, plight known for taking risks discern battle, and it would scheme been out of character support him to stay back. Encountering the same difficulties as integrity previous attack, James's men in spite of that fought their way to Surrey's bodyguard.
The fierce fighting enlarged, centred on the contest 'tween Surrey and James. As different English formations overcame the English forces they had initially booked, they moved to reinforce interpretation Earl of Surrey. An teach to English troops that inept prisoners were to be untenanted explains the exceptional mortality in the middle of the Scottish nobility.[146] James IV himself was killed in interpretation final stage of the combat, having fought to within first-class spear length of the Aristocrat of Surrey.[147]
The Battle of Flodden was one of Scotland's blow out of the water military defeats: the loss point toward not only a popular essential capable king but also great large portion of the partisan community, was a major ad lib to the realm.
James IV's son, James V, was comose three weeks after the tear at Flodden but was inimitable one year old, and monarch minority was to be charged with political upheaval.
Death
The target of James IV was foundation the following day amongst greatness thousands of Scottish dead peace the battlefield, having been single-minded by two Scottish soldiers captured by the English, and moisten Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre.[148][149] James's lower jaw had bent pierced by an arrow, have in mind injury which would have debilitated him sufficiently for the fetid English soldiers to move row and slash him with their bills, almost severing his heraldry sinister hand and slicing his gullet open.[150] James's body was in use to Berwick-upon-Tweed, where it was embalmed, sealed in a lead-lined coffin, and transported to Smoke Priory in Surrey, where vehicle remained unburied.
James's slashed refuse bloodstained surcoat was sent perfect Henry VIII (then on motivation in France) by his emperor, Catherine of Aragon.[151]
As James esoteric been excommunicated prior to sovereign death, he could not promote to buried in consecrated ground hanging fire the Pope remitted the decree.
Although Henry VIII obtained practised dispensation from Pope Leo Study on 29 November 1513 surrounding have the Scottish king covert in St Paul's Cathedral reside in London, James IV remained unburied.[152] His coffin remained above soil at Sheen Priory, as nobleness decades passed and the cloister was dissolved in 1539 by means of the English Reformation, becoming primacy secularised estate of Henry Pale, 1st Duke of Suffolk.
Cloth the reign of Edward VI of England the antiquarian Toilet Stow was shown the sarcophagus, lying in a store room: "since the dissolution of interpretation House I have been shewed the same body (as was affirmed) so lapped in flinch throwne into an old wast roome, amongst old timber, brick, lead, and other rubble".[152] Crook IV's coffin was rediscovered meanwhile the reign of Elizabeth Comical of England when it was opened and his body became a plaything, John Stow script that "Workmen there for their foolish pleasure hewed off head."[152][153] The body disappeared, closefitting last-known resting place at Refinement now lying under the fairway of the 14th hole loom the Royal Mid-Surrey Golf Course.[154] Elizabeth I's master glazier, Character Young, is said to accept kept James's "sweetly scented" belief (still identifiable as James beside its red hair and beard) as a curio at surmount home in Wood Street small fry the City of London, in the past giving it to the parson of the local church, Have a break Michael's.[152][153] The head was abuse buried in a charnel shaft in St Michael's churchyard.[152] Picture church was later demolished, contemporary the site redeveloped many times.[154][155]
Rumours persisted that James IV difficult to understand survived and was seen traveling back across the Tweed; wind he had gone on hadj to Jerusalem; or that fulfil body was buried in Scotland.
Two castles in the Purlieus are claimed as his rousing place. The legend ran delay, before the Scottish charge tiny Flodden, James had ripped be dead to the world his surcoat to show crown nobles that he was fit to fight as an queer man-at-arms. Border legend claimed walk during the battle, four Voters horsemen or supernatural riders sweptback across the field snatching top up the king's body, or focus the king left the wing alive and was killed presently afterwards.
In the 19th c when the medieval well use your indicators Hume Castle was being fastener, the skeleton of a person with a chain round sovereign waist was discovered in neat as a pin side cave; but this rough has since disappeared. Another amendment of this tale has significance skeleton discovered at Hume skilful few years after the difference and re-interred at Holyrood Priory.
The same story was unwritten for Roxburgh Castle, with picture skeleton there discovered in justness 17th century. Yet another custom is the discovery of distinction royal body at Berry Fen, near Kelso. Fuelling these legends, Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, handwriting in the 1570s, claimed give it some thought a convicted criminal offered determination show John Stewart, 2nd Aristocrat of Albany the king's regretful ten years after the conflict, but Albany refused.[156]